Who and when
AQA A-Level Media Studies 7572
Media Language
Topic overviewCodes and conventionsConstructing meaning through media languageGenre, hybridity and intertextualityViewpoints, ideology and audience interpretationSemiotics: signs and their typesSemiotics: paradigm, syntagm and anchorageBarthes: denotation, connotation and mythNarratology: narrative codes and diegesisTodorov: equilibrium, disruption and new equilibriumGenre theory as summarised by NealeStructuralism: binary oppositions and mythemesStructuralism: ideological reading and deconstructionPostmodernism: pastiche, bricolage and implosionBaudrillard: simulacra, simulation and hyperreality
Media Representation
Topic overviewConstructing representationsWhy producers make the representational choices they doSocial and cultural context in representationStereotypes: positive and negative useUnder-representation and misrepresentationRepresentation, realism and the values it carriesIndustry contexts and representational choiceDiscourse, ideology and audience positioningTheories of representation: stereotypes and countertypesTheories of representation: misrepresentation and selective representationTheories of representation: ideology, hegemony and constructed realityHall on representation: encoding and decodingTheories of identity as summarised by GauntlettFeminist theories: the male gaze and patriarchyFeminist theories: van Zoonen and hooksTheories of gender performativityTheories around ethnicity and postcolonial theory
Media Industries
Topic overviewProduction, distribution and circulationOwnership and controlEconomics and funding of media industriesMarketing and maintaining audiencesRegulation of media in the UKDigital convergence and the individual producerRegulation in global production and circulationCurran and Seaton: regulation, deregulation and the free marketCurran and Seaton: concentration, conglomerates and public service broadcastingCurran and Seaton: neo-liberalism, surveillance and privacyCurran and Seaton: the central argumentLivingstone and Lunt: the public sphere and governanceLivingstone and Lunt: media literacyLivingstone and Lunt: power, value and globalisationCultural industries as summarised by Hesmondhalgh
Media Audiences
Topic overviewGrouping and categorising audiencesTargeting, attracting, reaching and addressing audiencesMedia technologies and patterns of consumptionMass and specialised audiencesNiche and fan audiencesAudience interpretation and its circumstancesMedia effects: uses and gratificationsMedia effects: hypodermic needle and moral panicMedia effects: media literacyBandura: social learning and imitationCultivation theory: socialisation and the bardic functionGerbner: cultivation differential, mainstreaming and resonanceReception theory: agenda setting, framing and myth makingHall on reception: the three reading positionsFandom'End of audience' theories
Contexts of the Media
Media Forms and Products
Media Language
Genre theory as summarised by Neale
- 3 things to know
- Media One and Media Two
Overview
Repetition and difference, sub-genre and hybridity, genres of order and integration, and genre as a cultural category.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is the difference between genres of order and genres of integration?
Key term
How does Neale describe the relationship between audiences and genre?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What are genre conventions?
Model answer
The established codes, techniques and narrative structures that audiences recognise as belonging to a particular genre.
- 2
What are genre rules?
Model answer
The implicit guidelines that producers follow when creating texts within a genre, which shape audience expectations.
- 3
According to Neale, are genres fixed categories? Explain his position.
Model answer
No, Neale argues that genres are not fixed but are constantly evolving through repetition and difference.
- 4
What two processes does Neale identify as driving genre evolution?
Model answer
Repetition and difference.
- 5
Define sub-genre.
Model answer
A more specific category within a broader genre that has its own distinctive conventions.
- 6
How do sub-genres develop within a broader genre?
Model answer
Sub-genres develop when a genre becomes sufficiently established that variations emerge with recognisable patterns.
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