Describe the trend in global plastic production.

Global plastic production has risen almost every year since mass production began in the 1950s. Output continues to grow, with the fastest growth now in Asia.

What did the International Energy Agency report in 2018 about petrochemicals and oil demand?

The International Energy Agency's 2018 report The Future of Petrochemicals found petrochemicals account for about 14% of global oil demand. The report expected petrochemicals to drive over a third of oil demand growth to 2030.

Why does dependence on imported oil feedstock make a plastics industry vulnerable?

A plastics industry that imports its feedstock is exposed to price shocks and supply cuts it cannot control. Recycled and bio-based feedstocks can be produced closer to home.

CCEA A-Level Environmental Technology 3930

Fossil Fuels

Topic overview Coal, oil and gas in modern society Reserves, lifespan and accessibility Fossil fuel combustion and the IPCC evidence Carbon trading schemes Fossil fuel demand, emerging economies and fuel security Environmental impacts of fossil fuel use

Global Action on Energy Conservation and Climate Change

Topic overview Sustainable development and climate agreements Emissions and energy efficiency targets for 2020 Renewable energy and demand reduction in policy Nuclear power as an alternative

Macrogeneration

Topic overview Conservation of energy and the simple generator Thermal power stations and steam turbines Direct and indirect renewable electricity Electricity transmission through the National Grid Smart grids and interconnectors Combined heat and power

Microgeneration

Topic overview Microgeneration technologies Benefits of home and community microgeneration The heat pump cycle and coefficient of performance Air source and ground source heat pumps

Energy From Wind

Topic overview Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines Kinetic energy, wind power and the Betz limit Power curves, rated output and energy losses Swept area, blade length and turbine mass Air density, hub height and turbine siting Power control, yawing and survival speed Choosing a location for a commercial wind farm

Energy From the Sun

Topic overview Solar radiation, tracking and concentrating solar power Flat plate and evacuated tube collectors Sizing a domestic solar thermal system Photovoltaic cells and semiconductor wafers Types of photovoltaic module compared Planning regulations and solar incentives Passive solar design in new and existing buildings

Energy From Biomass

Topic overview Defining biomass and its main categories Energy crops grown for biomass Advantages and disadvantages of biomass fuel Combustion, woodchip and fuel quality Gasification and syngas Biogas and commercial anaerobic digesters

Energy Storage

Topic overview Intermittency and reliability of renewable supply Why renewable energy needs storing Pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage Where energy storage is most beneficial

Plastics for the Future

Topic overview Crude oil as a fuel and a feedstock Refinery gases and the making of polymers Persistent plastic waste and the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Toxic gases from incinerating plastics Biodegradable, photodegradable and compostable plastics Testing photodegradable plastic against polythene Bio-derived polyethylene and a sustainable plastics future

Renewable Energy Investigations

Topic overview Desktop research on renewable energy technologies Choosing an investigation and its variables Apparatus and risk assessment for energy practicals Accuracy and reliability of energy measurements Presenting and analysing energy data Evaluating a method and site-based recommendations

Sustainable Development

Topic overview Population growth and demand for resources The I = PAT equation and the role of technology Ecological footprints, carbon footprints and One Planet Living

Waste Management

Topic overview Landfill dependence and the landfill tax Waste types, priority waste streams and EU directives The waste management hierarchy Recycling at a Materials Recovery Facility Landfill decomposition, methane and leachate Engineered landfill: dry tomb and bioreactor designs

Waste to Energy Technologies

Topic overview Embodied energy Incineration with energy recovery Digester design: solids content, residence time and staging Stages of anaerobic digestion and biogas CHP Composting and catering waste

Land Contamination and Remediation

Topic overview Contaminated land, risk and traditional remediation Bioremediation principles and bioreactor systems Micro-organisms that degrade named pollutants Bioremediation benefits and genetically engineered microbes Phytoremediation of metals and other elements Phytoextraction with Indian mustard and alpine pennycress Biohydrometallurgy and phytomining of ores

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Topic overview Hydrogen as a fuel: properties and storage Hydrogen production: steam reforming, electrolysis and photocatalysis How a fuel cell works and the PEM cell Alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells Fuel cell applications and the challenges of hydrogen

Transport System Challenges

Topic overview Four key challenges for future transport New vehicle technologies and their infrastructure Bioethanol production and the heat energy of ethanol Biodiesel and the biofuel debate Strategies to reduce transport demand

Energy Performance of Buildings

Topic overview Energy conservation and residents' behaviour Insulation, air tightness and glazing U-values and the heat flow equation The zero carbon homes hierarchy BREEAM, the Code and upgrading existing homes

Emerging Technologies

Topic overview Tidal stream and tidal barrage power Wave energy converters Environmental impacts of wave and tidal energy Smart materials and smart systems Carbon capture and storage Geo-engineering, direct air capture and bio-photovoltaics

Sustainable Urban and Rural Communities

Topic overview Energy and buildings in sustainable urban developments Transport, waste and brownfield sites Water, drainage and urban green space Energy, water and waste for isolated rural dwellings Local food and communication technology in rural areas

The Code for Sustainable Homes

Topic overview Purpose, levels and assessment of the Code Energy, carbon dioxide and water categories Materials, surface water run-off and waste categories Pollution, health and wellbeing, management and ecology categories Measuring the performance of an existing building Performance profiles, improvements and evaluation

Plastics for the Future

Crude oil as a fuel and a feedstock

3 things to know
AS 1

Overview

Crude oil as an industrial feedstock, rising plastic production, petrochemical demand, oil prices and supply security for the plastics industry, the uses of plastics, emerging economies, and whether plastics are an efficient use of oil.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Why is the world's reliance on crude oil for both fuel and feedstock significant?

Key term

What is meant by an industrial feedstock?

Key term

Which single use of crude oil is the largest outside the energy and transport sectors?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Why is the world's reliance on crude oil for both fuel and feedstock significant?
Model answer
Almost every economy depends on oil to move goods and people and to make materials. A cut in oil supply raises the cost of transport and of plastic goods at the same time.
2
What is meant by an industrial feedstock?
Model answer
A feedstock is a raw material fed into an industrial process to be converted into other products. Naphtha and refinery gases are the main feedstocks of the plastics industry.
3
Which single use of crude oil is the largest outside the energy and transport sectors?
Model answer
The manufacture of plastics consumes more crude oil than any other use apart from fuels for energy and transport. Most plastics are made from chemicals derived from oil and natural gas.
4
Describe the trend in global plastic production.
Model answer
Global plastic production has risen almost every year since mass production began in the 1950s. Output continues to grow, with the fastest growth now in Asia.
5
What did the International Energy Agency report in 2018 about petrochemicals and oil demand?
Model answer
The International Energy Agency's 2018 report The Future of Petrochemicals found petrochemicals account for about 14% of global oil demand. The report expected petrochemicals to drive over a third of oil demand growth to 2030.
6
Why does dependence on imported oil feedstock make a plastics industry vulnerable?
Model answer
A plastics industry that imports its feedstock is exposed to price shocks and supply cuts it cannot control. Recycled and bio-based feedstocks can be produced closer to home.

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Fossil Fuels

Global Action on Energy Conservation and Climate Change

Macrogeneration

Microgeneration

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