Why can a wave carry energy across a room without any material moving from one side to the other?

Because waves transfer energy without transferring matter; the particles of the medium oscillate about fixed positions rather than travelling with the wave.

What is the definition of frequency?

Frequency is the number of complete oscillations passing a point per unit time.

What is meant by the amplitude of a wave?

Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.

WJEC AS-Level Physics 1420QS

Basic Physics

Topic overview Units and quantities Scalars, vectors and density Moments, centre of gravity and equilibrium Prefixes, derived units and unit conversion Adding coplanar vectors and the triangle of forces Resolving forces on an inclined plane Taking moments: beams, ladders and stability

Kinematics

Topic overview Describing motion Equations of motion and free fall Projectile motion Non-uniform acceleration and curved motion graphs Projectiles launched at an angle Measuring speed, acceleration and g in the laboratory

Dynamics

Topic overview Newton's second law and momentum Force and Newton's laws Impulse and the force–time graph Collisions and explosions in one dimension Free body diagrams and connected bodies Newton's third law pairs and everyday forces

Energy Concepts

Topic overview Work and power Conservation of energy and efficiency The work–energy relationship Gravitational potential energy and energy interchange Elastic potential energy and the force–extension graph Power, velocity and the efficiency of machines

Solids Under Stress

Topic overview Stress, strain and the Young modulus Stress–strain graphs and the behaviour of materials Measuring the Young modulus, and material properties Hooke's law and elastic strain energy Crystalline, amorphous and polymeric solids Dislocations, ductile and brittle fracture

Using Radiation to Investigate Stars

Topic overview Stellar spectra and black bodies Wien's law, Stefan's law and stellar properties The inverse square law and stellar distance Finding the radius and temperature of a star Multiwavelength astronomy

Particles and Nuclear Structure

Topic overview Quarks, leptons and hadrons The four interactions and conservation laws The first generation of quarks and leptons Antiparticles and annihilation Baryons, antibaryons and mesons Deducing quark compositions from charge Beta decay and quark flavour change Testing a reaction against the conservation rules

Conduction of Electricity

Topic overview Current, charge and the ampere Drift velocity and the equation I = nAvq The coulomb and the charge on an electron Conductors, insulators and other charge carriers The free-electron model and the speed of conduction

Resistance

Topic overview Calculating resistance from resistivity Potential difference, Ohm's law and power Resistivity, temperature and superconductivity The volt: energy transferred per unit charge Current–voltage characteristics of non-ohmic components Measuring resistance and resistivity in the laboratory The heating effect of a current and choosing a power equation Thermistors and how a semiconductor's resistance falls with temperature Conductance, conductivity and comparing materials

D.C. Circuits

Topic overview Kirchhoff's laws, and resistors in series and parallel Potential dividers, emf and internal resistance Cells, resistivity, power and energy Working out currents and potential differences in resistor networks Sensor circuits with thermistors and LDRs Internal resistance, power transfer and short-circuit current Ammeters, voltmeters and their effect on the circuit

The Nature of Waves

Topic overview What a wave is, and the wave equation Describing a wave: peaks, compressions and phase Polarisation and plane-polarised waves Displacement–time and displacement–position graphs Wavefronts and rays Phase difference between two points on a wave

Wave Properties

Topic overview Energy transfer and the wave equation Transverse and longitudinal waves, path difference and intensity Diffraction and superposition Two-source interference and the diffraction grating Stationary waves How much a wave spreads at a gap or an obstacle Coherence and the conditions for observable interference Young's double slit and λ = ay/D Measuring wavelength with a diffraction grating Measuring the speed of sound with stationary waves

Refraction of Light

Topic overview What refraction is and why it happens Refractive index and Snell's law Total internal reflection and optical fibres The wave model of refraction and n₁v₁ = n₂v₂ Snell's law at a boundary between two media Optical fibres: core, cladding and pulse broadening

Photons

Topic overview Photon energy and the electronvolt The photoelectric effect Stopping potential and the Planck constant The photoelectric effect and photon energies Line spectra and energy levels Demonstrating the photoelectric effect The electromagnetic spectrum and typical photon energies Electron diffraction and the de Broglie relationship Radiation pressure

Lasers

Topic overview Stimulated emission and the properties of laser light Population inversion, pumping and the laser cavity Why a two-level system cannot give a population inversion Three-level and four-level laser systems The semiconductor laser and its uses

Mathematical Requirements (Appendix C)

Topic overview Significant figures and arithmetic means Uncertainty and how uncertainties combine Algebraic symbols and proportionality Rearranging and solving equations Small angle approximations Tangents and instantaneous rates of change Areas under curves and numerical methods Reading a tangent on a motion graph Straight-line graphs and y = mx + c What a gradient and an intercept represent Linearising a relationship to find a constant Log plots of exponential decay Choosing what to plot to find a constant Logarithmic scales and orders of magnitude Working with base-ten logarithms The shapes of common graphs Inverse and root relationships on a graph Areas, volumes and Pythagoras Geometry applied to physical situations Substituting into physical equations Trigonometry and right-angled triangles Resolving a force into components Radians, arc length and force diagrams Random processes and translating between representations Mean values and periodic functions Symbols for approximation and comparison

How Science Works (Appendix D)

Topic overview Apparatus and taking measurements Working safely with radioactive sources Planning an investigation Analysing and evaluating evidence Uncertainty, repeatability and drawing a conclusion

Wave Properties

10 subtopics
30 things to know
AS Unit 2

What Wave Properties covers

Wave Properties is examined on AS Unit 2 of WJEC Physics, Electricity and Light. 120 recall questions across 10 subtopics.

Where it is assessed

AS Unit 2

Electricity and Light.

Check the WJEC specification ↗

The 10 subtopics

Each one has its own page. WJEC AS Physics students sit this topic in the first year.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

State the wave equation that relates wave speed, frequency and wavelength.

Key term

In the wave equation v = fλ, what does each symbol represent?

Key term

State the equation relating phase difference to path difference.

Key term

State the equation for intensity in terms of power and area.

Key term

Outline the derivation of the diffraction grating equation.

Key term

Describe how a ripple tank can be used to show that the amount of diffraction depends on the width of the gap.

Key term

Explain why two separate filament lamps cannot produce an interference pattern.

Key term

Why do two slits illuminated by a single lamp behave as coherent sources even though the lamp itself is not a laser?

Key term

Describe the appearance of the double slit pattern when the slits are illuminated with white light

Key term

State the diffraction grating equation and define each symbol with its unit.

Key term

How much diffraction occurs when the wavelength is much smaller than the width of the slit?

Key term

Describe what happens when the wavelength is equal to or greater than the slit width.

Key term

State the path difference rule for constructive interference between in-phase sources.

Key term

State two differences between a stationary wave and a progressive wave.

Key term

How can a stationary wave be regarded in terms of progressive waves?

Key term

What happens to a train of plane wavefronts as it passes through a narrow gap in a barrier?

Key term

Rearrange the double slit equation to give the fringe separation.

Key term

How is the grating spacing d obtained from the number of lines per millimetre?

Key term

How is a stationary sound wave set up in a tube that is closed at one end?

Key term

What is always formed at the closed end of a resonance tube, and why?

Key term

What does a wave transfer from one place to another, and what does it not transfer?

Key term

In a transverse wave, what is the relationship between the direction of oscillations and the direction of energy transfer?

Key term

Describe what happens when the wavelength is less than the slit width.

Key term

State the path difference rule for destructive interference between in-phase sources.

Key term

What is a node?

Key term

For a given gap, what condition on the wavelength gives the greatest spreading?

Key term

Why must a coherent source be monochromatic?

Key term

How does the fringe pattern change when the screen is moved further from the slits?

Key term

In the first order spectrum from a grating, which visible colour appears at the largest angle?

Key term

What is the shortest length of a tube closed at one end that will resonate with a given tuning fork?

Take Wave Properties further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Amplitude vs Wavelength
Amplitude: the greatest displacement of a point from its equilibrium position. Wavelength: the distance between two consecutive points that are in phase.
Constructive interference vs Destructive interference
Constructive interference: reinforcement where the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths. Destructive interference: cancellation where the path difference is an odd number of half wavelengths.
A progressive wave vs A stationary wave
A progressive wave: one that carries energy along its direction of travel. A stationary wave: one formed by two opposed waves, which transfers no energy along itself.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does a wave transfer from one place to another, and what does it not transfer?
Model answer
A wave transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter.
2
Why can a wave carry energy across a room without any material moving from one side to the other?
Model answer
Because waves transfer energy without transferring matter; the particles of the medium oscillate about fixed positions rather than travelling with the wave.
3
What is the definition of frequency?
Model answer
Frequency is the number of complete oscillations passing a point per unit time.
4
What is meant by the amplitude of a wave?
Model answer
Amplitude is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
5
State the wave equation that relates wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
Model answer
v = fλ, where v is wave speed, f is frequency, and λ is wavelength.
6
In the wave equation v = fλ, what does each symbol represent?
Model answer
v represents wave speed, f represents frequency, and λ represents wavelength.

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Wave Properties revision questions

Is Wave Properties examined at AS in WJEC Physics?: Yes. It sits in AS Unit 2, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
What does Wave Properties cover in WJEC AS-Level Physics?: 10 subtopics: energy transfer and the wave equation, transverse and longitudinal waves, path difference and intensity, diffraction and superposition, two-source interference and the diffraction grating, stationary waves, how much a wave spreads at a gap or an obstacle, coherence and the conditions for observable interference, young's double slit and λ = ay/d, measuring wavelength with a diffraction grating and measuring the speed of sound with stationary waves. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Wave Properties organised?: By the WJEC 1420QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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