Name in order the structures a sperm cell passes through from where it is made to where it leaves the body.

It passes from the seminiferous tubules of the testis into the epididymis, where it is stored and gains motility, then along the vas deferens, through the ejaculatory duct and out along the urethra.

How does the route by which urine leaves the body differ between the male and the female?

In the male the urethra is a shared duct carrying both urine and semen, whereas in the female the urinary and reproductive tracts open separately.

Name in order the parts of the female tract that a secondary oocyte passes along after ovulation.

It is swept from the ovary surface into the oviduct, travels along the oviduct and enters the uterus, whose lower opening is the cervix leading to the vagina.

OCR A-Level Biology B H422

The Developing Cell: Cell Division and Cell Differentiation

Topic overview The cell cycle and mitosis Apoptosis in growth and repair Stem cells and cell differentiation

The Developing Individual: Meiosis, Growth and Development

Topic overview Meiosis, haploid gametes and genetic variation The stages of meiosis Antenatal care and diet in pregnancy Alcohol, smoking and monitoring fetal growth Prenatal screening and karyotypes

The Development of Species: Evolution and Classification

Topic overview Classification and the species concept Evidence for classification and DNA barcoding Phylogenetic trees, hominids and the evolution of language Human adaptations, natural selection and evolution Plant adaptations and how they are investigated Measuring biodiversity and genetic diversity

Cells and Microscopy

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Water and Its Importance in Plants and Animals

Topic overview The properties of water Water as a transport medium and the composition of body fluids Detecting and measuring sugars and proteins Monomers, polymers and the carbohydrates Osmosis and water potential

Proteins and Enzymes

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Nucleic Acids

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Patterns of Inheritance

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Population Genetics and Epigenetics

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Gene Technologies

Topic overview Post-Transcriptional Editing of mRNA Genetic modification of bacteria and insulin production The polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis Haplotypes, SNPs, VNTRs and genetic engineering in eukaryotes Gene therapy and RNA interference

The Principles and Importance of Homeostasis

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The Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose and the Management of Diabetes

Topic overview The pancreas as an endocrine gland The regulation of blood glucose by negative feedback Types of diabetes and diagnostic testing Treating and managing diabetes

Kidney Functions and Malfunctions

Topic overview Excretion and the gross structure of the kidney The nephron: ultrafiltration and selective reabsorption Investigating the composition of urine, plasma and filtrate Osmoregulation and the action of ADH The kidney as an endocrine gland and kidney failure Dialysis, transplantation and the future of transplant surgery

The Cellular Basis of Cancer and Treatment

Topic overview Risk factors for non-communicable disease Cell cycle control and tumour formation Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes Epidemiological evidence, screening and genetic testing Methods used to detect cancer Treating patients with cancer

Respiratory Diseases and Treatment

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Cellular Respiration

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Metabolism and Exercise

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Pathogenic Microorganisms

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The Immune System

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Controlling Communicable Diseases

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Photosynthesis, Food Production and Management of the Environment

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Fertility and Assisted Reproduction

Topic overview The urinogenital systems and gonad histology Gametogenesis and the structure of the gametes Hormonal control of gametogenesis and the menstrual cycle Fertilisation and pregnancy testing The causes and issues of infertility Assisted reproduction techniques

The Effects of Ageing on the Reproductive System

Topic overview Ageing and the female reproductive system Managing the menopause Ageing and the male urinogenital system

Plant Reproduction

Topic overview The control of flowering Adaptations of flowers for pollination Fertilisation, seed formation and germination Cereals as staple foods

The Nervous System and the Identification and Consequences of Damage

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Monitoring Visual Function

Topic overview The structure of the eye The retina and its role as a transducer Assessing visual function by routine eye tests

The Effect of Ageing on the Nervous System

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The Heart and Monitoring Heart Function

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Transport Systems in Mammals

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Gas Exchange in Mammals and Plants

Topic overview Tissues of the mammalian gas exchange system Gas exchange in the alveoli Pulmonary ventilation and lung volumes Expired air resuscitation Gas exchange and stomata in terrestrial plants

Transport Systems in Plants

Topic overview The need for transport systems in plants Vascular tissue in roots, stems and leaves Water uptake and movement through the plant Transpiration and Its Measurement Translocation in the Phloem

Fertility and Assisted Reproduction

The urinogenital systems and gonad histology

3 things to know
Components 01, 02 and 03

Overview

Recall questions on the path of sperm through the male tract, the scrotum and accessory glands, the female tract, oviduct and uterine wall, the structure of seminiferous tubules, Leydig and Sertoli cells, primary and Graafian follicles and the corpus luteum in stained sections, and measuring a sperm head.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Which three accessory glands add their secretions to semen, and what does each contribute?

Key term

Why are the testes held in the scrotum rather than inside the abdomen?

Key term

How does the oviduct move the oocyte towards the uterus?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Name in order the structures a sperm cell passes through from where it is made to where it leaves the body.
Model answer
It passes from the seminiferous tubules of the testis into the epididymis, where it is stored and gains motility, then along the vas deferens, through the ejaculatory duct and out along the urethra.
2
Why are the testes held in the scrotum rather than inside the abdomen?
Model answer
The scrotum keeps them about 2–3 °C below core body temperature, which is the optimum for spermatogenesis; at core temperature sperm production is impaired.
3
Which three accessory glands add their secretions to semen, and what does each contribute?
Model answer
The seminal vesicles add an alkaline fluid containing fructose as a respiratory substrate for the sperm, which neutralises acid in the vagina, the prostate gland adds a thin, slightly acidic secretion containing enzymes that help the semen become liquid, and the bulbourethral glands add mucus that lubricates the urethra.
4
How does the route by which urine leaves the body differ between the male and the female?
Model answer
In the male the urethra is a shared duct carrying both urine and semen, whereas in the female the urinary and reproductive tracts open separately.
5
Name in order the parts of the female tract that a secondary oocyte passes along after ovulation.
Model answer
It is swept from the ovary surface into the oviduct, travels along the oviduct and enters the uterus, whose lower opening is the cervix leading to the vagina.
6
How does the oviduct move the oocyte towards the uterus?
Model answer
Finger-like fimbriae sweep the oocyte into the funnel, and cilia lining the oviduct beat while its smooth muscle undergoes peristalsis, carrying the oocyte along.

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The Developing Cell: Cell Division and Cell Differentiation

The Developing Individual: Meiosis, Growth and Development

The Development of Species: Evolution and Classification

Cells and Microscopy

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measles and .

tuberculosismalariacholera

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ABrain tissue is metabolically expensive.

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Core body temperature is normally about 37 °C.

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