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Gene Technologies

Haplotypes, SNPs, VNTRs and genetic engineering in eukaryotes

  • 3 things to know
  • Components 01, 02 and 03

Overview

Recall questions on SNPs and haplotypes, VNTRs and genetic profiling for identity and paternity, tracing human migration, genotyping patients for clinical trials, the ethics of genetic databases, knockout mice, clotting factors from farm animals, and genetically modified crops and their risks.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

Why are VNTRs more useful than SNPs for identifying an individual?

Key term

Why are haplotypes useful when searching for a disease gene?

Key term

What are VNTRs?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What is a single nucleotide polymorphism?

    Model answer

    A SNP is a variation of a single base at one position in the genome that is found in a significant proportion of a population.

  2. 2

    Where in the genome are most SNPs found, and what effect do they usually have?

    Model answer

    Most lie in non-coding DNA and have no effect on the phenotype, although a SNP inside a gene can change an amino acid and one in a regulatory region can change how much of a protein is made.

  3. 3

    What is a haplotype?

    Model answer

    A haplotype is a group of alleles or SNPs lying close together on the same chromosome that are usually inherited together as a block, because crossing over rarely separates them.

  4. 4

    Why are haplotypes useful when searching for a disease gene?

    Model answer

    A SNP consistently found in people with a disease marks the haplotype block containing the responsible gene, so the search can be narrowed to a small region of one chromosome.

  5. 5

    What are VNTRs?

    Model answer

    Variable number tandem repeats are short DNA sequences repeated end to end, and the number of repeats at each locus varies greatly between individuals.

  6. 6

    Why are VNTRs more useful than SNPs for identifying an individual?

    Model answer

    A SNP usually has only two versions, whereas a VNTR locus has many possible repeat numbers, so testing a set of VNTR loci gives a combination that is effectively unique to one person.

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