Key term
OCR A-Level Biology B H422
The Developing Cell: Cell Division and Cell Differentiation
The Developing Individual: Meiosis, Growth and Development
The Development of Species: Evolution and Classification
Cells and Microscopy
Topic overviewMicroscopy and the cell theoryBlood smears, staining and microscope drawingsBlood cells and their structureMagnification and measuring cellsHaemocytometer cell counts and dilutionsFlow cytometry in blood analysisUltrastructure of the animal cellPlant and prokaryotic cellsMembrane lipids and the fluid mosaic modelMovement of molecules across membranesThe roles of membranes and the secretion of proteins
Water and Its Importance in Plants and Animals
Proteins and Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Patterns of Inheritance
Population Genetics and Epigenetics
Gene Technologies
The Principles and Importance of Homeostasis
The Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose and the Management of Diabetes
Kidney Functions and Malfunctions
Topic overviewExcretion and the gross structure of the kidneyThe nephron: ultrafiltration and selective reabsorptionInvestigating the composition of urine, plasma and filtrateOsmoregulation and the action of ADHThe kidney as an endocrine gland and kidney failureDialysis, transplantation and the future of transplant surgery
The Cellular Basis of Cancer and Treatment
Respiratory Diseases and Treatment
Cellular Respiration
Metabolism and Exercise
Topic overviewThe consequences of exercise on the bodyAerobic fitness and VO₂ maxTraining, F.I.T.T. factors and investigating fitnessEnhancing athletic performanceHaemoglobin and the transport of oxygenOxygen dissociation curves of different respiratory pigmentsOxygen deficit and oxygen debtThe structure of skeletal muscleThe sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Pathogenic Microorganisms
The Immune System
Controlling Communicable Diseases
Photosynthesis, Food Production and Management of the Environment
Topic overviewChloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigmentsThe light-dependent stage of photosynthesisThe Calvin cycleInvestigating the factors affecting photosynthesisThe Hill reaction and DCPIPUsing TP and GP to build carbohydrates, lipids and amino acidsThe compensation point and crop productionMicroorganisms, the nitrogen cycle and biosensorsBiomass transfer and efficiency in food productionRuminants in the human food chainFarms as ecosystems and the conflict with conservationDeflected succession and measuring biodiversity
The Impact of Population Increase
Planning and Implementing Practical Work
Analysing and Evaluating Practical Results
Practical Skills, Apparatus and Techniques
Topic overviewInvestigative approaches and working safelyFollowing instructions, recording and presenting dataResearch, referencing and processing data with softwareMeasuring mass, volume, time, temperature, length and pHColorimeters and potometersLaboratory glassware and serial dilutionsLight microscopy, graticules and biological drawingQualitative reagents for biological moleculesChromatography and electrophoresisAseptic technique and dissectionWhole-organism responses, fieldwork sampling and data logging
Fertility and Assisted Reproduction
The Effects of Ageing on the Reproductive System
Plant Reproduction
The Nervous System and the Identification and Consequences of Damage
Topic overviewOrganisation of the nervous system and nervous tissueThe structure and function of the human brainThe structure of motor, sensory and relay neuronesResting potential and the action potentialSynapses and the integration of responsesReflexes, reaction times and their investigationBrain scans and the consequences of nervous system damageDrugs, brain function and dependency
Monitoring Visual Function
The Effect of Ageing on the Nervous System
The Heart and Monitoring Heart Function
Transport Systems in Mammals
Gas Exchange in Mammals and Plants
Respiratory Diseases and Treatment
COPD, asthma and lung cancer
- 3 things to know
- Components 01, 02 and 03
Overview
Recall questions on chronic bronchitis and emphysema, elastase and elastin, COPD, what happens in an asthma attack, histamine, triggers and symptoms, the symptoms and effects of lung cancer, and acute and chronic disease.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Explain the role of histamine in an asthma attack.
Key term
Describe the changes to the airways that occur in chronic bronchitis.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Describe the changes to the airways that occur in chronic bronchitis.
Model answer
The bronchi and bronchioles become chronically inflamed and swollen, the goblet cells and mucous glands enlarge and secrete excess mucus, and the cilia are destroyed so the mucus cannot be cleared.
- 2
State two symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
Model answer
A persistent cough producing large amounts of sputum, and breathlessness caused by the narrowed, mucus-filled airways.
- 3
Why do people with chronic bronchitis suffer repeated chest infections?
Model answer
Mucus that cannot be swept away by cilia pools in the airways and provides a warm, nutrient-rich place for bacteria to multiply.
- 4
Describe the change to the alveoli that occurs in emphysema.
Model answer
The elastin in the alveolar walls is broken down, so the walls between neighbouring alveoli break down and they merge into a few large air spaces.
- 5
Explain how tobacco smoke leads to the destruction of elastin in the alveoli.
Model answer
Smoke attracts phagocytes into the lungs, and these release the enzyme elastase, which digests the elastin of the alveolar walls.
- 6
Explain why a person with emphysema becomes severely breathless.
Model answer
The merging of alveoli greatly reduces the surface area for gas exchange, and the loss of elastin means the lungs cannot recoil to force air out, so stale air is trapped and less fresh air is drawn in.
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