Process
OCR A-Level Biology B H422
The Developing Cell: Cell Division and Cell Differentiation
The Developing Individual: Meiosis, Growth and Development
The Development of Species: Evolution and Classification
Cells and Microscopy
Topic overviewMicroscopy and the cell theoryBlood smears, staining and microscope drawingsBlood cells and their structureMagnification and measuring cellsHaemocytometer cell counts and dilutionsFlow cytometry in blood analysisUltrastructure of the animal cellPlant and prokaryotic cellsMembrane lipids and the fluid mosaic modelMovement of molecules across membranesThe roles of membranes and the secretion of proteins
Water and Its Importance in Plants and Animals
Proteins and Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Patterns of Inheritance
Population Genetics and Epigenetics
Gene Technologies
The Principles and Importance of Homeostasis
The Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose and the Management of Diabetes
Kidney Functions and Malfunctions
Topic overviewExcretion and the gross structure of the kidneyThe nephron: ultrafiltration and selective reabsorptionInvestigating the composition of urine, plasma and filtrateOsmoregulation and the action of ADHThe kidney as an endocrine gland and kidney failureDialysis, transplantation and the future of transplant surgery
The Cellular Basis of Cancer and Treatment
Respiratory Diseases and Treatment
Cellular Respiration
Metabolism and Exercise
Topic overviewThe consequences of exercise on the bodyAerobic fitness and VO₂ maxTraining, F.I.T.T. factors and investigating fitnessEnhancing athletic performanceHaemoglobin and the transport of oxygenOxygen dissociation curves of different respiratory pigmentsOxygen deficit and oxygen debtThe structure of skeletal muscleThe sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Pathogenic Microorganisms
The Immune System
Controlling Communicable Diseases
Photosynthesis, Food Production and Management of the Environment
Topic overviewChloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigmentsThe light-dependent stage of photosynthesisThe Calvin cycleInvestigating the factors affecting photosynthesisThe Hill reaction and DCPIPUsing TP and GP to build carbohydrates, lipids and amino acidsThe compensation point and crop productionMicroorganisms, the nitrogen cycle and biosensorsBiomass transfer and efficiency in food productionRuminants in the human food chainFarms as ecosystems and the conflict with conservationDeflected succession and measuring biodiversity
The Impact of Population Increase
Planning and Implementing Practical Work
Analysing and Evaluating Practical Results
Practical Skills, Apparatus and Techniques
Topic overviewInvestigative approaches and working safelyFollowing instructions, recording and presenting dataResearch, referencing and processing data with softwareMeasuring mass, volume, time, temperature, length and pHColorimeters and potometersLaboratory glassware and serial dilutionsLight microscopy, graticules and biological drawingQualitative reagents for biological moleculesChromatography and electrophoresisAseptic technique and dissectionWhole-organism responses, fieldwork sampling and data logging
Fertility and Assisted Reproduction
The Effects of Ageing on the Reproductive System
Plant Reproduction
The Nervous System and the Identification and Consequences of Damage
Topic overviewOrganisation of the nervous system and nervous tissueThe structure and function of the human brainThe structure of motor, sensory and relay neuronesResting potential and the action potentialSynapses and the integration of responsesReflexes, reaction times and their investigationBrain scans and the consequences of nervous system damageDrugs, brain function and dependency
Monitoring Visual Function
The Effect of Ageing on the Nervous System
The Heart and Monitoring Heart Function
Transport Systems in Mammals
Gas Exchange in Mammals and Plants
Planning and Implementing Practical Work
Designing an investigation and controlling variables
- 4 things to know
- Components 01, 02 and 03
Overview
Recall questions on independent, dependent and control variables, holding temperature and pH constant in enzyme work, control experiments, continuous and categoric variables, repeats and ranges, null hypotheses, preliminary experiments, allowing for individual differences between subjects, and validity.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Evaluation
What makes an investigation's results reliable and its method valid?
Key term
Name three variables that must be controlled when investigating the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
Key term
How is temperature held constant in an enzyme investigation?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is meant by the independent variable in an investigation?
Model answer
It is the variable the investigator deliberately changes, or whose values they select.
- 2
Define the term dependent variable.
Model answer
It is the variable that is measured, because it responds to changes in the independent variable.
- 3
Why must control variables be kept constant throughout an investigation?
Model answer
So that any change in the dependent variable can be attributed only to the independent variable, which makes the conclusion valid.
- 4
Name three variables that must be controlled when investigating the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
Model answer
Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration must all be kept constant.
- 5
How is temperature held constant in an enzyme investigation?
Model answer
The reaction vessels are held in a thermostatically controlled water bath and left to equilibrate before the reactants are mixed.
- 6
Why is a buffer solution added to an enzyme reaction mixture?
Model answer
It resists changes in pH, so pH cannot act as a second variable affecting the activity of the enzyme.
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