Key term
OCR A-Level Biology B H422
The Developing Cell: Cell Division and Cell Differentiation
The Developing Individual: Meiosis, Growth and Development
The Development of Species: Evolution and Classification
Cells and Microscopy
Topic overviewMicroscopy and the cell theoryBlood smears, staining and microscope drawingsBlood cells and their structureMagnification and measuring cellsHaemocytometer cell counts and dilutionsFlow cytometry in blood analysisUltrastructure of the animal cellPlant and prokaryotic cellsMembrane lipids and the fluid mosaic modelMovement of molecules across membranesThe roles of membranes and the secretion of proteins
Water and Its Importance in Plants and Animals
Proteins and Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Patterns of Inheritance
Population Genetics and Epigenetics
Gene Technologies
The Principles and Importance of Homeostasis
The Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose and the Management of Diabetes
Kidney Functions and Malfunctions
Topic overviewExcretion and the gross structure of the kidneyThe nephron: ultrafiltration and selective reabsorptionInvestigating the composition of urine, plasma and filtrateOsmoregulation and the action of ADHThe kidney as an endocrine gland and kidney failureDialysis, transplantation and the future of transplant surgery
The Cellular Basis of Cancer and Treatment
Respiratory Diseases and Treatment
Cellular Respiration
Metabolism and Exercise
Topic overviewThe consequences of exercise on the bodyAerobic fitness and VO₂ maxTraining, F.I.T.T. factors and investigating fitnessEnhancing athletic performanceHaemoglobin and the transport of oxygenOxygen dissociation curves of different respiratory pigmentsOxygen deficit and oxygen debtThe structure of skeletal muscleThe sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Pathogenic Microorganisms
The Immune System
Controlling Communicable Diseases
Photosynthesis, Food Production and Management of the Environment
Topic overviewChloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic pigmentsThe light-dependent stage of photosynthesisThe Calvin cycleInvestigating the factors affecting photosynthesisThe Hill reaction and DCPIPUsing TP and GP to build carbohydrates, lipids and amino acidsThe compensation point and crop productionMicroorganisms, the nitrogen cycle and biosensorsBiomass transfer and efficiency in food productionRuminants in the human food chainFarms as ecosystems and the conflict with conservationDeflected succession and measuring biodiversity
The Impact of Population Increase
Planning and Implementing Practical Work
Analysing and Evaluating Practical Results
Practical Skills, Apparatus and Techniques
Topic overviewInvestigative approaches and working safelyFollowing instructions, recording and presenting dataResearch, referencing and processing data with softwareMeasuring mass, volume, time, temperature, length and pHColorimeters and potometersLaboratory glassware and serial dilutionsLight microscopy, graticules and biological drawingQualitative reagents for biological moleculesChromatography and electrophoresisAseptic technique and dissectionWhole-organism responses, fieldwork sampling and data logging
Fertility and Assisted Reproduction
The Effects of Ageing on the Reproductive System
Plant Reproduction
The Nervous System and the Identification and Consequences of Damage
Topic overviewOrganisation of the nervous system and nervous tissueThe structure and function of the human brainThe structure of motor, sensory and relay neuronesResting potential and the action potentialSynapses and the integration of responsesReflexes, reaction times and their investigationBrain scans and the consequences of nervous system damageDrugs, brain function and dependency
Monitoring Visual Function
The Effect of Ageing on the Nervous System
The Heart and Monitoring Heart Function
Transport Systems in Mammals
Gas Exchange in Mammals and Plants
The Development of Species: Evolution and Classification
Phylogenetic trees, hominids and the evolution of language
- 3 things to know
- Components 01, 02 and 03
Overview
Recall questions on reading phylogenetic trees, nodes and branch lengths, the living hominids and hylobatids, the chimpanzee as our closest relative, Homo neanderthalensis, molecular clocks and conflicting evidence, and the mother tongues and gossip hypotheses for the origin of language.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Key term
What does a node on a phylogenetic tree represent?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Model answer
A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationships between organisms, in which each branch point represents a common ancestor.
- 2
What does a node on a phylogenetic tree represent?
Model answer
A node represents the most recent common ancestor of all the groups that branch away from it.
- 3
How can you tell from a phylogenetic tree which of two species is the closer relative of a third?
Model answer
The closer relative is the one that meets the third species at a node nearer the tips of the tree, because they share a more recent common ancestor.
- 4
On some trees the branches are drawn to scale. What can that scale represent?
Model answer
Branch length may be drawn in proportion to the time since divergence or to the number of base or amino acid differences that have accumulated.
- 5
Which living species make up the hominids?
Model answer
The living hominids are humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans.
- 6
What are hylobatids?
Model answer
Hylobatids are the gibbons, the family of small apes that forms the sister group to the hominids.
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