Evaluation
CCEA A-Level Physics 1210
Physical Quantities, Scalars and Vectors
Moments and Equilibrium
Linear Motion and Dynamics
Newton's Laws of Motion
Linear Momentum and Impulse
Work, Energy and Power
Current, Charge and Potential Difference
Resistance and Resistivity
Topic overviewResistance and Ohm's lawOhmic and non-ohmic behaviourResistors in series and in parallelInvestigating current, voltage and resistance in series and parallel circuitsElectrical power and energy in resistive circuitsResistivity and the equation R = ρl/AMeasuring the resistivity of a metalCurrent–voltage characteristics of a conductor, a lamp and a diodeResistance, temperature and superconductivity
Internal Resistance and Potential Dividers
Topic overviewInternal resistance and terminal potential differenceConsequences of internal resistance for external circuitsMeasuring electromotive force and internal resistanceThe potential divider and variable outputPotential dividers in lighting and heating control circuitsLoaded potential dividers and output voltage calculations
Waves
Refraction
Lenses
Superposition, Interference and Diffraction
Topic overviewSuperposition of wavesStanding waves, nodes and antinodesStanding waves on stretched stringsStanding waves in a pipe closed at one endMeasuring the speed of sound with a resonance tubeConditions for observable interferencePath difference and phase differenceYoung's double slitDiffraction at a single slitThe diffraction grating
Quantum Physics
Wave-Particle Duality
Astronomy
Practical Skills and Data Analysis
Topic overviewChoosing and using measuring instrumentsPrecision, accuracy and recording measurementsUsing the cathode ray oscilloscope to measure voltage and frequencyTables, graphs and presenting resultsLinearising a relationship and using the gradientAbsolute and percentage uncertaintyCombining uncertainties and uncertainty on a graphRandom and systematic error, reliability and refining an experiment
Deformation of Solids
Thermal Physics
Topic overviewBoyle's law, Charles's law and the pressure lawThe ideal gas equation pV = nRTThe Avogadro constant, the mole and pV = NkTInternal energy and the distribution of molecular energyThe kinetic theory equation pV = ⅓Nm⟨c²⟩Average molecular kinetic energy and temperatureAbsolute zero and the kelvin scaleSpecific heat capacity and the electrical method
Uniform Circular Motion
Simple Harmonic Motion
Topic overviewDefining simple harmonic motion and a = −ω²xDisplacement, velocity and acceleration: x = A cos ωtThe simple pendulum and T = 2π√(l/g)The loaded spiral spring and T = 2π√(m/k)SHM graphs and finding velocity from a gradientFree vibrations, forced vibrations and resonanceDamping: light, critical and over-damping
The Nucleus and Radioactive Decay
Topic overviewAlpha-particle scattering and the nuclear atomNuclear radius and nucleon numberThe density of nuclear matterAlpha, beta and gamma radiation: nature, penetration and rangeNuclear equations and changes in nucleon and proton numberThe random and exponential nature of radioactive decayActivity, the decay constant and A = −λNExponential decay calculations with A = A₀e^(−λt)Half-life and measuring it
Nuclear Energy, Fission and Fusion
Gravitational Fields
Electric Fields
Capacitors
Magnetic Fields
Charged Particles and Accelerators
Nuclear Energy, Fission and Fusion
The ITER tokamak fusion reactor
- 3 things to know
- Unit A2 1
Overview
Nuclear fusion, fuel used in the ITER tokamak and approximate temperature required for the deuterium–tritium reaction in ITER.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Define nuclear fusion.
Key term
State the fuel used in the ITER tokamak.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define nuclear fusion.
Model answer
Nuclear fusion is the joining together of two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, with the release of energy because the product is more tightly bound than the reactants.
- 2
State the fuel used in the ITER tokamak.
Model answer
The fuel is a mixture of the two heavy isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium.
- 3
Write the deuterium–tritium reaction used in ITER and state the energy released.
Model answer
²₁H + ³₁H → ⁴₂He + ¹₀n, releasing 17.6 MeV, of which about four fifths is carried away as kinetic energy of the neutron.
- 4
Why must the fuel be raised to an extremely high temperature before fusion can occur?
Model answer
Both nuclei are positively charged and repel each other electrostatically, so they must be given enough kinetic energy to approach within a few femtometres, where the attractive strong nuclear force can take over.
- 5
State the approximate temperature required for the deuterium–tritium reaction in ITER.
Model answer
A temperature of about 1.5 × 10⁸ K is required, roughly ten times the temperature at the centre of the Sun.
- 6
What is a plasma?
Model answer
A plasma is a gas so hot that its atoms are fully ionised, so it consists of free positive nuclei and free electrons and is electrically conducting.
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