Key term
Eduqas A-Level Biology A400QS
Biological Molecules
Cell Structure and Organisation
Cell Membranes and Transport
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids and Their Functions
Importance of ATP
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Microbiology
Population Size and Ecosystems
Topic overviewPopulation growth and its measurementThe population growth curve and carrying capacityDensity dependent and density independent factorsSampling abundance and distributionEcosystems, habitats and communitiesEnergy transfer and pyramids of biomassSuccessionDecomposition and the carbon cycleThe nitrogen cycle and human interventionEutrophication and the effects of drainage
Human Impact on the Environment
Classification and Biodiversity
Topic overviewThe need for classification and the taxonomic hierarchyThe three domain and five kingdom systemsCharacteristic features of the five kingdomsAssessing relatedness by physical features and biochemistryThe species concept and the binomial systemBiodiversity, adaptation and natural selectionMeasuring biodiversity in a habitatGenetic and molecular measures of biodiversity
Mitosis and Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Inheritance
Variation and Evolution
Application of Reproduction and Genetics
Topic overviewThe Human Genome Project, other sequenced genomes and genomics in healthcareScreening embryos, stem cells and the ethical issuesGenetic fingerprinting, PCR and electrophoresis in forensic workRecombinant DNA and the production of human insulinGenetically modified crops and gene therapy
Adaptations for Gas Exchange
Topic overviewSurface area to volume ratio and gas exchange in small organismsSpecialised respiratory surfaces and the need for ventilationGills and counter current flow in bony fishThe human breathing system and its histologyVentilation and gas exchange in humansThe insect tracheal systemThe angiosperm leaf, stomata and gas exchange
Adaptations for Transport
Topic overviewVascular systems compared across animal groupsThe mammalian heart and blood vesselsThe cardiac cycle and its controlBlood, haemoglobin and dissociation curvesThe Bohr effect, chloride shift and tissue fluidThe root and the uptake of waterThe endodermis and the entry to the xylemXylem, transpiration and cohesion-tensionThe potometer and xerophytes and hydrophytesPhloem and translocation
Adaptations for Nutrition
Homeostasis and the Kidney
The Nervous System
Immunology and Disease: Disease and Its TransmissionImmunology
Immunology and Disease: AntibioticsImmunology
Immunology and Disease: The Immune ResponseImmunology
Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy: Skeletal TissuesMusculoskeletal
Topic overviewCartilage and its three typesThe composition and functions of compact boneBone remodelling and the Haversian systemRickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis and brittle bone diseaseThe structure of skeletal muscleThe sliding filament theoryFast and slow twitch fibres, and energy for contraction
Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy: Structure and Function of the SkeletonMusculoskeletal
Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy: JointsMusculoskeletal
Neurobiology and Behaviour: The BrainNeurobiology
Neurobiology and Behaviour: NeuroscienceNeurobiology
Application of Reproduction and Genetics
- 5 subtopics
- 15 things to know
- Component 2
What Application of Reproduction and Genetics covers
Application of Reproduction and Genetics is examined in Component 2, Continuity of Life. It covers the Human Genome Project, other sequenced genomes and genomics in healthcare, screening embryos, stem cells and the ethical issues, genetic fingerprinting, PCR and electrophoresis in forensic work, recombinant DNA and the production of human insulin and genetically modified crops and gene therapy.
The 5 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The Human Genome Project, other sequenced genomes and genomics in healthcareAim of the Human Genome Project and personalised medicine.Open →
- Screening embryos, stem cells and the ethical issuesGenetic screening, preimplantation genetic diagnosis and gene responsible for cystic fibrosis and describe its commonest mutation.Open →
- Genetic fingerprinting, PCR and electrophoresis in forensic workFunction of the primers in the polymerase chain reaction and how electrophoresis separates DNA fragments.Open →
- Recombinant DNA and the production of human insulinRecombinant DNA and sticky ends.Open →
- Genetically modified crops and gene therapyGenetically modified organism and gene therapy.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Evaluation
Give two arguments against screening embryos for genetic disorders.
Evaluation
Give two arguments in favour of growing genetically modified crops.
Numbers
When was the full sequence of the human genome published?
Process
Name the three steps of one cycle of the polymerase chain reaction and give the temperature of each.
Key term
Define recombinant DNA.
Process
Give two medical benefits expected from knowing the human genome sequence.
Key term
Why is the sample heated to about 95 °C at the start of each cycle?
Key term
What does a restriction enzyme do?
Key term
What is a genetically modified organism?
Key term
Why were patients with rare diseases chosen for the 100 000 Genomes Project?
Key term
What is genetic screening?
Key term
Why is the polymerase used taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs?
Key term
Why must the plasmid and the gene be cut with the same restriction enzyme?
Key term
Why might a crop plant such as the tomato be modified for disease resistance?
Take Application of Reproduction and Genetics further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What was the aim of the Human Genome Project?
Model answer
Its aim was to determine the base sequence of the whole human genome and to identify and map every gene within it.
- 2
When was the full sequence of the human genome published?
Model answer
A working draft of the human genome appeared in 2000 and the completed sequence was published in 2003, though the last gaps were only closed in 2022.
- 3
Approximately how many base pairs does the human genome contain?
Model answer
It contains about 3.2 × 10⁹ base pairs.
- 4
Roughly how many protein-coding genes did the Human Genome Project reveal?
Model answer
It revealed roughly 20 000 to 25 000 protein-coding genes, far fewer than had been expected.
- 5
Why was the number of human genes found a surprise?
Model answer
It is far smaller than the number of different proteins a human body makes, which showed that one gene can give rise to more than one protein.
- 6
Give two medical benefits expected from knowing the human genome sequence.
Model answer
The genes responsible for inherited disorders can be located so that tests are developed for them, and drugs can be designed to act on the proteins those genes code for.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Application of Reproduction and Genetics revision questions
- What does Application of Reproduction and Genetics cover in Eduqas A-Level Biology?
- 5 subtopics: the human genome project, other sequenced genomes and genomics in healthcare, screening embryos, stem cells and the ethical issues, genetic fingerprinting, pcr and electrophoresis in forensic work, recombinant dna and the production of human insulin and genetically modified crops and gene therapy. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Application of Reproduction and Genetics organised?
- By the Eduqas A400QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Application of Reproduction and Genetics, on a schedule.
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