Key term
CCEA A-Level Life and Health Sciences 0008
Experimental Techniques
Human Body Systems
Topic overviewBlood vessels, the heart and cardiac outputHeart sounds, ECG traces, pulse and blood pressureBody fluids, haemoglobin and the Bohr effectThe respiratory system, gas exchange and lung diseaseMonitoring breathing and lung volumesCellular respiration and ATPHomeostasis, blood glucose and thyroxineSodium, blood pH and oxygen saturationA balanced diet and nutritional needs through lifeCholesterol, minerals, vitamins, alcohol and exercise
Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes
Topic overviewMoles, reacting masses and percentage yieldTitration types, indicators and standard solutionsTitration calculations and molarityEnthalpy changes and calorimetryHess's law and average bond enthalpiesCollision theory, rates and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distributionCatalysts, chemisorption and catalytic convertersReversible reactions, the Haber process and the Contact processScale-up, costs and siting a chemical plant
Brain ScienceDouble Award
Topic overviewBrain structure and frontal lobe damageNeurones, synapses and the endocrine systemAlzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and stem cell therapySchizophrenia and mental health awareness in Northern IrelandThe biology of aggression and methods of studying the brainStress, the stress response and stress managementMemory models, forgetting and eyewitness testimonyAbnormality, phobias, depression and OCDExperiments, observations, self-report and research designHypotheses, sampling, ethics and descriptive statistics
Material ScienceDouble Award
Topic overviewMaterial properties and selectionStress, strain and the Young modulusStress–strain graphs, creep and fatigueDensity, hardness and conductivity testingMetals, ceramics, glasses, polymers and compositesAtomic and microscopic structure of materialsAlloys, annealing and biomaterialsSmart materialsNanomaterials and semiconductors
Medicine, Drugs and Clinical TrialsDouble Award
Topic overviewCategories of medicine and routes to drug discoveryMedicines from natural sources, drug names and the ATC systemDrug development, preclinical testing and the therapeutic indexPhases of clinical trials and trial designLicensing, UK regulators, Yellow Card and trial ethicsFormulations, routes of administration and drug absorptionDistribution, metabolism, elimination and sites of drug actionQuantitative analysis of medicines and antibacterial bioassays
Scientific Method, Investigation, Analysis and Evaluation
Topic overviewThe scientific method, literature reviews and Harvard referencingDescriptive statistics and the normal distributionNull hypotheses, significance and choosing a statistical testInvestigation design, Design of Experiments and project plansGood Laboratory Practice, risk assessment and COSHHExperimental error, scientific writing and evaluation
Organic Chemistry
Topic overviewOrganic formulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC naming and types of organic reactionStructural isomerism and E/Z isomerismAlkanes from crude oil, combustion and halogenationVehicle pollutants, catalytic converters and biofuelsAlkenes, pi bonds and electrophilic additionClassifying alcohols, making ethanol and its effects as a drugOxidation of alcohols, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometryAddition polymers, plastic waste and nylonPreparing and purifying aspirin
Medical PhysicsA2 option
Topic overviewBody temperature and clinical thermometersBlood pressure readings and the sphygmomanometerHeart activity experiments and EEG tracesX-ray tubes, radiographs and CT scansFlexible endoscopes, optical fibres and lasersUltrasound A-scans, B-scans and acoustic impedanceMRI scanning and gamma camera imagingAlpha, beta and gamma radiation and half-lifeRadiopharmaceuticals, radiotherapy and radiation protection
Sound and LightA2 option
Topic overviewTransverse and longitudinal waves and wave graphsPhase difference and the electromagnetic spectrumOuter, middle and inner earSound intensity and the decibel scaleStanding waves, harmonics and resonance tubesHearing response, phons and equal loudness curvesStructure of the eye, rods and conesAccommodation, lens power and correcting long sightTotal internal reflection and fibre-optic communicationDipole antennas, wireless networks and radarAttenuation of radio waves and the Doppler effect
Genetics, Stem Cell Research and CloningA2 option
Topic overviewDNA structure and the evidence for the double helixRNA, genes and the triplet codeGenotype, phenotype and monohybrid inheritanceDihybrid crosses, epistasis and the chi-squared testDNA replication and the Meselson–Stahl experimentMeiosis and genetic variationInsulin, factor VIII and chymosin from genetically modified microbesRecombinant DNA technology and gene cloningGenetic engineering, food supply and ethicsGene therapy and cystic fibrosisGenetic disease, screening and counsellingGenetic fingerprinting and gel electrophoresisStem cells, therapeutic cloning and their ethics
MicrobiologyDouble Award
Topic overviewBacteria, fungi and protozoaViruses, viroids and prionsClassifying bacteria, fungi and virusesLight and electron microscopyLaboratory safety, biocontainment and quality assuranceAseptic technique, growth media and inoculationCounting and measuring microbial growthGrowth requirements and growth inhibitionAntibiotics, PCR, gene therapy and pharmaceutical microbiologyThe gut microbiome in health and disease
Oral Health and DentistryDouble Award
Histology and PathologyDouble Award
Topic overviewSpecimen processing, data protection and safety lawClinical biochemistry tests and electrophoresisBlood smears and identifying blood cellsBlood grouping, cross-matching and transfusionDiagnostic and surveillance work in hospital microbiologyPreparing and staining tissue sectionsRecognising tissues, atheroma and emphysema on slides
Analytical Chemistry TechniquesDouble Award
Topic overviewVolumetric analysis in industry and healthcareApplied titrations of vinegar, indigestion tablets and bleachRedox titration of iron tablets and evaluating titrationsPrinciples of colorimetryColorimetric analysis of copper ore, aspirin and ironThin-layer chromatography and its usesVisualising chromatograms and identifying painkillers and pigmentsCalorimetry and combustionMolar enthalpy and bond energy calculationsQualitative tests for cations and gases
Enabling TechnologyDouble Award
Topic overviewECG and EEG machines in patient monitoringUltrasound and IVF equipment in fertility treatmentProsthetic limbs, hearing aids and cochlear implantsWorkflow and equipment in a medical laboratoryOngoing monitoring of a long-term conditionHealth data collection, databases and data protection
Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes
- 9 subtopics
- 27 things to know
- AS 3
What Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes covers
Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes is examined in Unit AS 3, Aspects of Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes — examined, a core unit. It covers moles, reacting masses and percentage yield, titration types, indicators and standard solutions, titration calculations and molarity, enthalpy changes and calorimetry, Hess's law and average bond enthalpies, collision theory, rates and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, catalysts, chemisorption and catalytic converters, reversible reactions, the Haber process and the Contact process and scale-up, costs and siting a chemical plant.
Where it is assessed
AS 3
Aspects of Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes — a written examination, compulsory.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 9 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Moles, reacting masses and percentage yieldRelative formula mass, the mole, balancing equations, reacting masses in industrial processes, theoretical and percentage yield in the Haber process, and atom economy.Open →
- Titration types, indicators and standard solutionsWeighing by difference, reading a burette, pH at the equivalence point for strong and weak acids and bases, choosing phenolphthalein or methyl orange, pH curves and end-point colours.Open →
- Titration calculations and molarityMolarity and converting cm³ to dm³, mean titres, concentration from mass, dilution, neutralisation calculations with sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, and working back through a dilution factor.Open →
- Enthalpy changes and calorimetryExothermic and endothermic reactions, standard enthalpy changes and conditions, the enthalpy of neutralisation, Q = mcΔT, and measuring neutralisation and combustion with worked examples.Open →
- Hess's law and average bond enthalpiesConservation of energy and Hess's law, enthalpy cycles from combustion and formation data, average bond enthalpies, and worked calculations for ammonia, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride.Open →
- Collision theory, rates and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distributionRate and activation energy, reaction profiles, successful collisions, the effects of concentration, pressure and temperature, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, and following rates by mass and titration.Open →
- Catalysts, chemisorption and catalytic convertersHow catalysts change the reaction profile, heterogeneous catalysts and chemisorption, catalyst surface area, catalytic converters and poisoning, the Haber and Contact catalysts, and the economics of catalysts.Open →
- Reversible reactions, the Haber process and the Contact processReversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, the Haber and Contact processes and their conditions, making sulfuric acid, and predicting the effects of temperature and pressure on yield.Open →
- Scale-up, costs and siting a chemical plantBatch and continuous processes, capital, direct and indirect costs, laboratory against industrial scale, pilot plants, heat control, a worked cost per tonne, and choosing a site for a chemical plant.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Describe how the pH changes as sodium hydroxide is added from a burette to hydrochloric acid.
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How can the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid be followed with a balance?
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What does the term molarity mean?
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Why do chemical reactions usually involve a heat change?
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State the principle of conservation of energy.
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Define a catalyst.
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What is a reversible reaction?
Process
What is a batch process?
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What is the relative formula mass of a substance?
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Why is a solid weighed by difference when a standard solution is made?
Numbers
How is a volume in cm³ converted to dm³ in a concentration calculation?
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Contrast exothermic and endothermic reactions.
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State Hess's law.
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Define rate of reaction and give its usual unit.
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How does a catalyst change the reaction profile of a reaction?
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What is meant by dynamic equilibrium?
Process
What is a continuous process?
Numbers
Calculate the relative formula mass of sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, using Ar values H = 1.0, S = 32.1 and O = 16.0.
Key term
What mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate (Mr = 106.0) is needed to make 250 cm³ of a 0.100 mol dm⁻³ standard solution?
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Titres of 23.85 cm³ (rough), 23.40 cm³, 23.10 cm³ and 23.20 cm³ are recorded. Which should be used, and what is the mean titre?
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Give one industrial example of an exothermic reaction and one of an endothermic reaction.
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How does Hess's law follow from the conservation of energy?
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Define activation energy.
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What is a heterogeneous catalyst?
Process
State the equation and enthalpy change for the Haber process.
Process
Why are pharmaceuticals usually made by batch processes?
Take Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Batch process vs Continuous process
Batch process: a method of manufacture that loads a fixed quantity of reactants, reacts them and empties the vessel before starting again. Continuous process: a method of manufacture that feeds reactants in and removes products without stopping for long periods.
Heterogeneous catalyst vs Homogeneous catalyst
Heterogeneous catalyst: a rate-increasing substance in a different phase from the reacting chemicals. Homogeneous catalyst: a rate-increasing substance in the same phase as the reacting chemicals.
Percentage yield vs Atom economy
Percentage yield: the proportion of the theoretical maximum mass of product that is actually obtained. Atom economy: the proportion of the total mass of products formed that is the desired product.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the relative formula mass of a substance?
Model answer
The relative formula mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in its formula. Relative formula mass has no units.
- 2
Calculate the relative formula mass of sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, using Ar values H = 1.0, S = 32.1 and O = 16.0.
Model answer
The relative formula mass of H₂SO₄ is 98.1. The working is (2 × 1.0) + 32.1 + (4 × 16.0) = 98.1.
- 3
What is one mole of a substance?
Model answer
One mole is the amount of substance containing 6.02 × 10²³ particles, the Avogadro constant. A mole of a substance has a mass in grams equal to its relative formula mass.
- 4
State the relationship between amount in moles, mass and molar mass.
Model answer
The amount in moles equals the mass in grams divided by the molar mass in g mol⁻¹. Mass equals moles multiplied by molar mass.
- 5
A water-treatment chemist weighs out 5.30 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃ (Mr = 106.0). How many moles is this?
Model answer
The sample contains 0.0500 mol of sodium carbonate. The working is 5.30 ÷ 106.0 = 0.0500 mol.
- 6
Why must a symbol equation be balanced before it is used to calculate reacting quantities?
Model answer
A balanced equation gives the mole ratio in which substances react and form. An unbalanced equation gives the wrong ratio and so the wrong masses.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes revision questions
- What does Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes cover in CCEA A-Level Life and Health Sciences?
- 9 subtopics: moles, reacting masses and percentage yield, titration types, indicators and standard solutions, titration calculations and molarity, enthalpy changes and calorimetry, hess's law and average bond enthalpies, collision theory, rates and the maxwell–boltzmann distribution, catalysts, chemisorption and catalytic converters, reversible reactions, the haber process and the contact process and scale-up, costs and siting a chemical plant. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes organised?
- By the CCEA 0008 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Physical Chemistry in Industrial Processes, on a schedule.
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