Key term
CCEA A-Level Technology and Design 8900
Material Selection and Wood
Metals
Plastics
Composite and Emerging Materials
Processing Materials
Product Analysis and Design Communication
Design for Manufacture, Quality and Safety
Electronic Control SystemsOption A
Topic overviewControl systems, feedback and electronics safetyResistors, Ohm's law and power ratingsCapacitors and RC timingPotential dividers, sensors and comparatorsSwitches, pull-up and pull-down resistorsOutput devices and LEDsTransistors, Darlington pairs and thyristorsLogic gates, truth tables and flip-flops555 monostable and astable timers
Microelectronic Control SystemsOption A
Topic overviewMicrocontroller systems, ADCs and DACsStrain gauges and bridge circuitsOptical switches, encoded discs and Schmitt triggersOp-amp amplifiers and gainZener diodes and voltage regulatorsKarnaugh maps and binary countersSeven-segment, LCD and dot matrix displaysPIC flowcharts and programmingDC motors, stepper motors and driver circuits
Mechanical and Pneumatic ComponentsOption B
Topic overviewOpen and closed loop mechanical and pneumatic controlSafe working with compressed air and mechanismsLevers, linkages and momentsGear types and gear trainsPulleys, belts, chains and shaft fixingsCams, cranks and converting motionCompressed air supply and pneumatic valvesCylinders, shuttle valves, restrictors and reservoirsPneumatic circuits for logic, timing and speed control
Mechanical and Pneumatic SystemsOption B
Topic overviewHydraulics, system limitations and plant safetyTorque, work, power and air consumptionVacuum handling, proximity sensors and 5/3 valvesSequential and cascade pneumatic circuitsCam profiles and follower displacement diagramsGear geometry, pulley blocks and ratchetsToggles, treadles, shafts and couplingsFriction, brakes and clutchesBearings, lubrication and seals
Designing and Manufacturing ProductsOption C
Topic overviewResearch, questionnaires and specificationsIdea generation, critiques and computer simulationManufacturing planning and product evaluationCFRP, GRP, Kevlar and tungsten carbideSmart materials, nanotechnology and biophotovoltaicsIsometric, perspective and assembly drawingLaminating, steam bending, cutting and printing processesRisk assessment and product safety lawScales of production, JIT and cell productionQuality assurance, ISO 9001 and continuous improvementDesign influences and intellectual property rights
Product Design in Industry and SocietyOption C
Topic overviewLife-cycle environmental impact and climate changeThe 6Rs, waste and environmental legislationSustainable metals, plastics and degradable polymersProduct life cycles, consumer types and relaunchesCAD, CAM, 3D scanning and quick-change mouldingMarket pull, technology push and market strategyPrice, place and promotionJigs, fixtures and ICT in quality controlDesign for maintenance, inclusion and scale productionRendering, typography and presentationDyson, Baylis, Memphis and Apple
Product Development
Product and System Design and Manufacture
Material Selection and Wood
Hardwoods, softwoods and timber stock sizes
- 3 things to know
- AS 1 Paper 1
Overview
How hardwoods and softwoods are classified, their properties and cost, plantation timber and the FSC label, rough sawn and PAR timber, standard sections, lengths and a stock cost calculation.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Describe the trees that hardwoods come from.
Key term
Describe the trees that softwoods come from.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
On what basis are timbers classified as hardwoods or softwoods?
Model answer
The classification depends on the type of tree, not on how hard the wood is. Hardwoods come from broad-leaved trees, and softwoods come from coniferous trees.
- 2
Describe the trees that hardwoods come from.
Model answer
Hardwoods come from broad-leaved trees whose seeds are enclosed in a fruit or nut. Most temperate hardwood trees are deciduous and lose their leaves in autumn.
- 3
Describe the trees that softwoods come from.
Model answer
Softwoods come from conifers, which have needle-like leaves and carry their seeds in cones. Most conifers are evergreen.
- 4
Name a hardwood that is softer than most softwoods.
Model answer
Balsa is a hardwood, yet it is very soft and light. Balsa shows that the classification is botanical rather than based on hardness.
- 5
Why are softwoods generally cheaper than hardwoods?
Model answer
Conifers grow quickly and straight, often in managed plantations. The fast growth makes softwood plentiful and cheap to buy.
- 6
Compare the typical properties of hardwoods and softwoods.
Model answer
Hardwoods are usually denser, harder and more durable, with more decorative grain. Softwoods are usually lighter, easier to work and less durable outdoors without treatment.
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