Key term
CCEA A-Level Technology and Design 8900
Material Selection and Wood
Metals
Plastics
Composite and Emerging Materials
Processing Materials
Product Analysis and Design Communication
Design for Manufacture, Quality and Safety
Electronic Control SystemsOption A
Topic overviewControl systems, feedback and electronics safetyResistors, Ohm's law and power ratingsCapacitors and RC timingPotential dividers, sensors and comparatorsSwitches, pull-up and pull-down resistorsOutput devices and LEDsTransistors, Darlington pairs and thyristorsLogic gates, truth tables and flip-flops555 monostable and astable timers
Microelectronic Control SystemsOption A
Topic overviewMicrocontroller systems, ADCs and DACsStrain gauges and bridge circuitsOptical switches, encoded discs and Schmitt triggersOp-amp amplifiers and gainZener diodes and voltage regulatorsKarnaugh maps and binary countersSeven-segment, LCD and dot matrix displaysPIC flowcharts and programmingDC motors, stepper motors and driver circuits
Mechanical and Pneumatic ComponentsOption B
Topic overviewOpen and closed loop mechanical and pneumatic controlSafe working with compressed air and mechanismsLevers, linkages and momentsGear types and gear trainsPulleys, belts, chains and shaft fixingsCams, cranks and converting motionCompressed air supply and pneumatic valvesCylinders, shuttle valves, restrictors and reservoirsPneumatic circuits for logic, timing and speed control
Mechanical and Pneumatic SystemsOption B
Topic overviewHydraulics, system limitations and plant safetyTorque, work, power and air consumptionVacuum handling, proximity sensors and 5/3 valvesSequential and cascade pneumatic circuitsCam profiles and follower displacement diagramsGear geometry, pulley blocks and ratchetsToggles, treadles, shafts and couplingsFriction, brakes and clutchesBearings, lubrication and seals
Designing and Manufacturing ProductsOption C
Topic overviewResearch, questionnaires and specificationsIdea generation, critiques and computer simulationManufacturing planning and product evaluationCFRP, GRP, Kevlar and tungsten carbideSmart materials, nanotechnology and biophotovoltaicsIsometric, perspective and assembly drawingLaminating, steam bending, cutting and printing processesRisk assessment and product safety lawScales of production, JIT and cell productionQuality assurance, ISO 9001 and continuous improvementDesign influences and intellectual property rights
Product Design in Industry and SocietyOption C
Topic overviewLife-cycle environmental impact and climate changeThe 6Rs, waste and environmental legislationSustainable metals, plastics and degradable polymersProduct life cycles, consumer types and relaunchesCAD, CAM, 3D scanning and quick-change mouldingMarket pull, technology push and market strategyPrice, place and promotionJigs, fixtures and ICT in quality controlDesign for maintenance, inclusion and scale productionRendering, typography and presentationDyson, Baylis, Memphis and Apple
Product Development
Product and System Design and Manufacture
Microelectronic Control Systems
Op-amp amplifiers and gain
- 3 things to know
- A2 1
Overview
Ideal op-amps and negative feedback, inverting, non-inverting, differential and summing amplifiers with worked gains, saturation, voltage followers and comparators.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
State three ideal properties of an op-amp.
Key term
Why is negative feedback used in op-amp amplifiers?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is an operational amplifier?
Model answer
An op-amp is a high-gain amplifier with an inverting input, a non-inverting input and one output. The op-amp amplifies the difference between its two inputs.
- 2
State three ideal properties of an op-amp.
Model answer
An ideal op-amp has very high open-loop gain and very high input resistance. The op-amp also has very low output resistance.
- 3
Why is negative feedback used in op-amp amplifiers?
Model answer
The open-loop gain is enormous and unpredictable, so the output would simply saturate. A feedback resistor from the output to the inverting input sets a stable gain fixed by resistor values.
- 4
State the gain of an inverting amplifier.
Model answer
Gain = −Rf ÷ Rin. The minus sign shows that the output is inverted relative to the input.
- 5
An inverting amplifier has Rf = 100 kΩ and Rin = 10 kΩ. Calculate the output for a 0.2 V input.
Model answer
The output is −2 V. Gain = −100 ÷ 10 = −10, and −10 × 0.2 = −2 V.
- 6
State the gain of a non-inverting amplifier.
Model answer
Gain = 1 + Rf ÷ R₁, where R₁ connects the inverting input to 0 V. The output is in phase with the input.
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