Process
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Bonding and Structure
- 4 subtopics
- 12 things to know
- Papers 1, 2 and 3
What Bonding and Structure covers
Covers the three types of strong bonding, the shapes electron pair repulsion produces, electronegativity and the intermolecular forces that follow from it, and how the four structure types explain physical properties.
Where it is assessed
Papers 1, 2 and 3
Core inorganic and physical chemistry, drawn on by both context papers.
Check the Pearson Edexcel specification ↗The 4 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Ionic bondingIonic bonding and how ionic charge and radius set its strength, how cations and anions form and are drawn in dot-and-cross diagrams, isoelectronic series and the trends in ionic radius across them and down a group, and the observations that show ions exist.Open →
- Covalent bonding, dative bonding and the shapes of moleculesRecall questions on the shared pair, dative covalent bonding, and using electron pair repulsion to predict shapes and bond angles.Open →
- Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forcesRecall questions on electronegativity and bond polarity, on why a polar bond need not give a polar molecule, and on London forces, permanent dipole forces and hydrogen bonding.Open →
- Structure and propertiesRecall questions on giant ionic, giant covalent, metallic and simple molecular structures, and on predicting melting temperature, solubility and conductivity from each.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What distinguishes the three kinds of intermolecular force?
Process
How does ionic radius affect the strength of ionic bonding?
Key term
Why does ionic radius decrease across the isoelectronic series from N³⁻ to Al³⁺?
Key term
Give two species that contain dative covalent bonding.
Key term
Define electronegativity.
Key term
What is graphene?
Key term
Why do simple molecular substances have low melting temperatures?
Key term
Define ionic bonding.
Key term
Define a covalent bond.
Key term
What are the two extremes of the bonding continuum?
Key term
Name the three types of giant lattice.
Take Bonding and Structure further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Ionic bond vs Covalent bond
Ionic bond: electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bond: attraction between shared electrons and both nuclei.
Bonding pair vs Lone pair
Bonding pair: two shared electrons forming a covalent link. Lone pair: two outer-shell electrons not used in bonding.
Permanent dipole vs Instantaneous dipole
Permanent dipole: lasting separation of partial charge. Instantaneous dipole: temporary separation caused by electron movement.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Define ionic bonding.
Model answer
Ions of opposite charge pulling strongly on one another.
- 2
How does ionic charge affect the strength of ionic bonding?
Model answer
Greater ionic charge gives a stronger electrostatic attraction, so stronger ionic bonding.
- 3
How does ionic radius affect the strength of ionic bonding?
Model answer
A smaller ionic radius gives stronger attraction, because the centres of charge are closer together.
- 4
How are cations formed?
Model answer
By an atom losing one or more electrons.
- 5
How are anions formed?
Model answer
By an atom gaining one or more electrons.
- 6
How is a cation shown in a dot-and-cross diagram?
Model answer
In square brackets with its charge, usually with the outer shell empty because the electrons have been lost.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Bonding and Structure revision questions
- What does Bonding and Structure cover in Edexcel A-Level Chemistry?
- 4 subtopics: ionic bonding, covalent bonding, dative bonding and the shapes of molecules, electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces and structure and properties. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Bonding and Structure organised?
- By the Edexcel 9CH0 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Bonding and Structure, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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