Key term
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Organic Chemistry III
Nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenol
- 3 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
Overview
The mechanisms of halogenation, nitration and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation of benzene, including how each electrophile forms and each catalyst is regenerated, and why phenol decolourises bromine water to give 2,4,6-tribromophenol without a catalyst.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is the formula of the electrophile generated in Friedel-Crafts acylation?
Key term
What intermediate is formed when the positive halogen ion attacks benzene during halogenation?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What intermediate is formed when the positive halogen ion attacks benzene during halogenation?
Model answer
A carbocation intermediate.
- 2
How is aromaticity restored in the final step of benzene halogenation?
Model answer
A hydrogen ion is lost and bonds with the halogen carrier complex, regenerating the catalyst and releasing HX.
- 3
What is the formula of the electrophile in the nitration of benzene, and how is it generated?
Model answer
The nitronium ion (NO₂⁺), generated when concentrated sulfuric acid protonates nitric acid, which then loses water.
- 4
What intermediate forms when the nitronium ion attacks benzene?
Model answer
A carbocation intermediate.
- 5
How is the sulfuric acid catalyst regenerated in the nitration mechanism?
Model answer
A hydrogen ion is lost from the carbocation intermediate and regenerates the sulfuric acid.
- 6
In Friedel-Crafts alkylation, how is the carbocation electrophile generated?
Model answer
Aluminium chloride accepts a lone pair from the halogen of the halogenoalkane, generating a carbocation.
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