Numbers
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Transition Metals
Electron configuration and what makes a transition metal
- 3 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
Recall questions on the d-block configurations, on the exceptions at chromium and copper, on which elements are excluded, and on variable oxidation states.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
Why does copper have an anomalous electronic configuration?
Key term
What is the general pattern for the electronic configuration of d-block elements?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the general pattern for the electronic configuration of d-block elements?
Model answer
[Ar] 3dⁿ 4s² or [Ar] 3dⁿ 4s¹, where electrons fill the 4s orbital before the 3d orbitals.
- 2
Why do electrons fill the 4s orbital before the 3d orbitals in d-block elements?
Model answer
The 4s orbital is at a lower energy level than the 3d orbitals, so it fills first according to the aufbau principle.
- 3
State the electronic configuration of chromium.
Model answer
[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹
- 4
Why does chromium have an anomalous electronic configuration?
Model answer
A half-filled d-subshell provides extra stability, so one electron from the 4s orbital moves to the 3d subshell to achieve 3d⁵ 4s¹.
- 5
State the electronic configuration of copper.
Model answer
[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
- 6
Why does copper have an anomalous electronic configuration?
Model answer
A fully-filled d-subshell provides extra stability, so one electron from the 4s orbital moves to the 3d subshell to achieve 3d¹⁰ 4s¹.
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