What is heating under reflux?

A technique where a reaction mixture is heated continuously while vapours are condensed and returned to the flask, preventing loss of volatile substances.

Why is a separating funnel used to draw a product into a solvent?

To separate compounds based on their different solubilities in two immiscible liquids.

Why is boiling temperature determination used to assess the purity of a liquid organic compound?

Because a pure substance boils at a sharp, fixed temperature that matches its data-book value; impurities change the boiling temperature and make the liquid boil over a range.

Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0

Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Topic overview Protons, neutrons, electrons and isotopes Relative atomic mass and the mass spectrum Ionisation energy and the evidence for sub-shells Orbitals and electron configuration Periodicity across a period and down a group

Bonding and Structure

Topic overview Ionic bonding Covalent bonding, dative bonding and the shapes of molecules Electronegativity, polarity and intermolecular forces Structure and properties

Redox I

Topic overview Oxidation numbers Oxidation, reduction, disproportionation and half-equations

Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table

Topic overview Flame tests and how they work Thermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonates Carrying out flame tests and testing the gases Group 2 elements and their compounds Trends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatine Halogen displacement reactions Disproportionation and the reactions of chlorine Halides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halides Testing for halide ions with silver nitrate Testing for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ions Testing for sulfate and ammonium ions

Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance

Topic overview The mole, molar mass and empirical formula The ideal gas equation and molar volume Equations, concentration and reacting quantities Standard solutions, titration and uncertainty Percentage yield, atom economy and acid reactions Core practicals 1 to 3 Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experiment Apparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills

Organic Chemistry I

Topic overview Formulae, homologous series and functional groups IUPAC nomenclature Types of organic reaction and structural isomerism Stereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclature Practical techniques in organic chemistry Alkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutants Radical substitution Alkenes, the double bond and hydrogenation Electrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkene Addition polymers and waste polymers Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes Rates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanisms Classifying and oxidising alcohols Alcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals

Modern Analytical Techniques I

Topic overview Mass spectrometry Infrared spectroscopy and the characteristic absorptions Deducing functional groups from an infrared spectrum

Energetics I

Topic overview Enthalpy changes, standard definitions and calorimetry Hess's law and bond enthalpies

Kinetics I

Topic overview Collision theory and factors affecting rate Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and temperature Catalysts, reaction profiles and measuring rate

Equilibrium I

Topic overview Dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle The equilibrium constant Kc

Equilibrium II

Topic overview Partial pressures and Kp Calculating Kp and the effect of conditions

Acid-Base Equilibria

Topic overview Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and the pH scale Strong and weak acids, Ka and Kw Calculating pH, and titration curves Buffer solutions and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation Buffers in blood, and the core practical

Energetics II

Topic overview Lattice energy Born-Haber cycles and electron affinity Entropy and the direction of change Gibbs free energy and thermodynamic feasibility

Redox II

Topic overview Standard electrode potentials and the hydrogen electrode Electrochemical cells, emf and cell diagrams Feasibility, the electrochemical series and disproportionation Storage cells, fuel cells and redox titrations

Transition Metals

Topic overview Electron configuration and what makes a transition metal Complex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ions Coordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexes Bidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchange Vanadium and chromium chemistry Reactions with sodium hydroxide and ammonia Cobalt and copper complexes Ligand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effect Transition metals as catalysts

Kinetics II

Topic overview Rate equations, orders and the rate constant Determining orders from experiments Rate-determining step and mechanisms Arrhenius equation and activation energy

Organic Chemistry II

Topic overview Chirality Aldehydes, ketones and their oxidation Reduction and nucleophilic addition of HCN Testing for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reaction Carboxylic acids and their reactions Esters and acyl chlorides Reflux, extraction and recrystallisation Distillation, melting temperature and working safely

Organic Chemistry III

Topic overview The structure of benzene and the evidence for it Electrophilic substitution of benzene Nitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenol Amines: structure and basicity Reactions of amines and preparing them Amides and condensation polymers Amino acids, zwitterions and proteins Empirical and molecular formulae from analytical data Grignard reagents and multi-step synthesis Purification techniques and the aspirin preparation

Modern Analytical Techniques II

Topic overview Carbon-13 and proton NMR Splitting, integration and the reference standard Chromatography High-resolution mass spectrometry

Organic Chemistry I

Alcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals

3 things to know
Papers 2 and 3

Overview

Recall questions on the oxidation and the halogenoalkane preparations, on the apparatus each needs, and on how the product is purified and identified.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

How does drying with an anhydrous salt work to purify an organic liquid?

Key term

What reaction is carried out in Core Practical 5?

Key term

What reaction is carried out in Core Practical 6?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is heating under reflux?
Model answer
A technique where a reaction mixture is heated continuously while vapours are condensed and returned to the flask, preventing loss of volatile substances.
2
Why is a separating funnel used to draw a product into a solvent?
Model answer
To separate compounds based on their different solubilities in two immiscible liquids.
3
What technique is used to separate and purify a liquid product based on differences in boiling point?
Model answer
Distillation.
4
How does drying with an anhydrous salt work to purify an organic liquid?
Model answer
The drying agent absorbs water, removing it from the organic liquid.
5
Why is boiling temperature determination used to assess the purity of a liquid organic compound?
Model answer
Because a pure substance boils at a sharp, fixed temperature that matches its data-book value; impurities change the boiling temperature and make the liquid boil over a range.
6
What reaction is carried out in Core Practical 5?
Model answer
The oxidation of ethanol using acidified potassium dichromate(VI).

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Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Bonding and Structure

Redox I

Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table

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AAtomisation turns each element into gaseous atoms.

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Alcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals

Overview

What you need to know

How does drying with an anhydrous salt work to purify an organic liquid?

What reaction is carried out in Core Practical 5?

What reaction is carried out in Core Practical 6?

Questions from this subtopic

What is heating under reflux?

Why is a separating funnel used to draw a product into a solvent?

What technique is used to separate and purify a liquid product based on differences in boiling point?

How does drying with an anhydrous salt work to purify an organic liquid?

Why is boiling temperature determination used to assess the purity of a liquid organic compound?

What reaction is carried out in Core Practical 5?

Other ways to work this

What is inside Levo

The 3-step method, run for you

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Build It gets the exam shape right

Test It catches misconceptions

Brain Breaks between sessions

Every question in Organic Chemistry I, on a schedule.