Process
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Organic Chemistry II
Chirality
- 3 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
Overview
Chiral centres and optical isomers, how they rotate plane-polarised light, racemic mixtures, and using the optical activity of the product to tell an Sₙ1 mechanism through a planar carbocation from an Sₙ2 mechanism with inversion.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What happens to the configuration at the chiral centre during an Sₙ2 reaction?
Key term
What molecular feature gives rise to optical isomerism?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What molecular feature gives rise to optical isomerism?
Model answer
Handedness in a molecule carrying one chiral carbon
- 2
Define a chiral centre.
Model answer
An asymmetric carbon atom bonded to four different groups
- 3
What is the relationship between two optical isomers?
Model answer
They are non-superimposable mirror images of each other
- 4
What is optical activity?
Model answer
One optical isomer turns plane-polarised light of a single wavelength clockwise; its mirror image turns it by an equal angle the other way.
- 5
What is a racemic mixture?
Model answer
A mixture containing equal amounts of both optical isomers (enantiomers)
- 6
Why does a racemic mixture show no net optical activity?
Model answer
Because the rotations of the two enantiomers cancel out
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