Key term
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Halides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halides
- 3 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
The products of solid sodium chloride, bromide and iodide with concentrated sulfuric acid and the observations for each, why the reducing power of the hydrogen halides increases from HCl to HI as the H-X bond weakens, and the reactions of hydrogen halides with ammonia and with water.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What observation indicates iodine is produced when NaI reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
Key term
What is initially produced when solid sodium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What products are formed when solid sodium chloride reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
Model answer
Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and sodium hydrogensulfate (NaHSO₄).
- 2
Why is only steamy white fumes of HCl observed when NaCl reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
Model answer
Because hydrogen chloride is not a strong enough reducing agent to reduce sulfuric acid.
- 3
What is initially produced when solid sodium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
Model answer
Hydrogen bromide (HBr).
- 4
Why does the reaction of NaBr with concentrated sulfuric acid differ from that of NaCl?
Model answer
HBr is a stronger reducing agent than HCl, so it can reduce the sulfuric acid.
- 5
What does HBr reduce sulfuric acid to?
Model answer
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂).
- 6
What observation indicates bromine is produced when NaBr reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid?
Model answer
Orange-brown bromine vapour is observed.
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