Numbers
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
- 8 subtopics
- 24 things to know
- Papers 1, 2 and 3
What Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance covers
Covers the mole and the three routes to it, the ideal gas equation, balancing and reacting quantities, titration and standard solutions, yield and atom economy, and the practical and mathematical skills the papers assume.
Where it is assessed
Papers 1, 2 and 3
Core inorganic and physical chemistry, drawn on by both context papers.
Check the Pearson Edexcel specification ↗The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The mole, molar mass and empirical formulaRecall questions on the Avogadro constant, molar mass, and working out empirical and molecular formulae from masses or percentages.Open →
- The ideal gas equation and molar volumeThe ideal gas equation pV = nRT and the value of R, rearranging it to find an amount of gas, finding the molar mass of a volatile liquid from its mass and the volume, temperature and pressure of its vapour, and what makes a chemical equation balanced.Open →
- Equations, concentration and reacting quantitiesState symbols, ionic equations and spectator ions, n = c × V and converting cm³ to dm³, the amount of gas from molar volume, reacting masses and reacting gas volumes from a balanced equation, converting mol dm⁻³ to g dm⁻³, and the equivalence point and indicator colours in a titration.Open →
- Standard solutions, titration and uncertaintyThe steps for making up a standard solution, calculating percentage uncertainty and percentage error, random and systematic errors, accuracy against precision and concordant titres, and comparing a result's percentage error with its total percentage uncertainty.Open →
- Percentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsPercentage yield and theoretical yield, atom economy and why a high value is desirable, displacement reactions, the products of acids with metals, carbonates, metal oxides and alkalis, precipitation reactions, and hazard, risk and laboratory precautions.Open →
- Core practicals 1 to 3The steps of Core Practical 1 measuring the molar volume of a gas, Core Practical 2 making a standard solution of a solid acid to find the concentration of sodium hydroxide, and Core Practical 3 titrating to find the concentration of hydrochloric acid.Open →
- Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentFinding an empirical formula by heating a substance in a crucible to constant mass, defining water of crystallisation, and finding x in a hydrated salt by heating, cooling and reweighing to constant mass and comparing the moles of anhydrous salt and water.Open →
- Apparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skillsThe measurements, heating methods and apparatus used in practical work, hazardous substances, unit conversions, standard form and significant figures, selecting concordant titres and burette uncertainty, rearranging equations, independent, dependent and control variables, and the symbols ∝, ≪, ≫, ~ and ⇌.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
How do percentage yield and atom economy differ?
Key term
Define empirical formula.
Key term
When determining the molecular formula of a volatile liquid using the ideal gas equation, what initial measurement must be made?
Numbers
Once moles of a volatile liquid vapour are known, how is the molar mass calculated?
Key term
What do ionic equations show?
Numbers
State the formula for calculating the amount of gas in moles using molar volume.
Evaluation
State the formula for calculating percentage uncertainty.
Evaluation
State the formula for calculating percentage error.
Numbers
State the formula for percentage yield.
Key term
How are the moles of gas determined in the molar volume experiment?
Key term
What is calculated from the titration data in Core Practical 3?
Key term
What is done to the substance in the crucible when determining empirical formula?
Key term
After achieving constant mass, how is the empirical formula determined?
Key term
Name four types of measurements that should be recorded using appropriate apparatus in chemistry experiments.
Key term
Name three methods that can be used for heating in chemistry experiments.
Key term
Which SI unit measures amount of substance?
Key term
State the ideal gas equation.
Key term
State the four state symbols used in chemical equations and what each represents.
Key term
Define a standard solution.
Numbers
Calculate the percentage yield when actual yield = 17.4 g, theoretical yield = 20.7 g.
Key term
In Core Practical 1 (molar volume of a gas), what is the first step?
Process
When determining empirical formula experimentally, what are the first two steps involving the crucible?
Key term
What apparatus is used to perform titrations?
Take Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Empirical formula vs Molecular formula
Empirical formula: simplest whole-number ratio of constituent atoms. Molecular formula: actual number of each atom in one molecule.
Molar mass vs Molar volume
Molar mass: mass of one mole of substance. Molar volume: volume occupied by one mole of gas under stated conditions.
Concentration vs Amount of substance
Concentration: amount of solute per unit volume. Amount of substance: quantity measured in moles.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Which SI unit measures amount of substance?
Model answer
The mole (mol).
- 2
State the value of the Avogadro constant.
Model answer
6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹
- 3
State the formula that relates the number of particles to the amount in moles.
Model answer
N = n × L, where N is the number of particles, n is the amount in moles, and L is the Avogadro constant.
- 4
Calculate the number of particles when amount of substance = 7.087 mol, Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹.
Model answer
Number of particles = 7.087 × 6.02 × 10²³ = 4.27 × 10²⁴.
- 5
Define molar mass and state its units.
Model answer
Molar mass is how much one mole weighs, quoted in g mol⁻¹.
- 6
State the formula used to calculate the amount of substance in moles from mass.
Model answer
n = m/M, where n is the amount in moles, m is the mass in grams, and M is the molar mass in g mol⁻¹.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance revision questions
- What does Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance cover in Edexcel A-Level Chemistry?
- 8 subtopics: the mole, molar mass and empirical formula, the ideal gas equation and molar volume, equations, concentration and reacting quantities, standard solutions, titration and uncertainty, percentage yield, atom economy and acid reactions, core practicals 1 to 3, empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experiment and apparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance organised?
- By the Edexcel 9CH0 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.