Key term
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Trends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatine
- 3 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
How London forces explain the melting and boiling temperatures and physical states of the halogens, the trends in atomic radius, shielding and electronegativity down Group 7, why reactivity decreases down the group, and predictions for fluorine and astatine covering their properties, displacement reactions, hydrogen halides and silver salts.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Why do the halogens require more energy to melt and boil as you descend the group?
Key term
How does the number of electrons change as you descend Group 7?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How does the number of electrons change as you descend Group 7?
Model answer
The number of electrons increases down the group.
- 2
What happens to the size of electron clouds in halogen molecules as you go down Group 7?
Model answer
Electron clouds become larger down the group.
- 3
How does the strength of London dispersion forces between halogen molecules change down Group 7?
Model answer
London dispersion forces become stronger down the group.
- 4
Why do the halogens require more energy to melt and boil as you descend the group?
Model answer
More energy is required to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces (London dispersion forces) between the larger molecules.
- 5
What is the physical state of fluorine at room temperature?
Model answer
Gas.
- 6
What is the physical state of chlorine at room temperature?
Model answer
Gas.
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