Key term
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Organic Chemistry II
Distillation, melting temperature and working safely
- 3 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
Overview
Simple and steam distillation, judging purity from a sharp or broad melting range, using hazard data to select and justify control measures, the techniques in the aspirin preparation of Core Practical 16, and why Grignard reactions need dry ether.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
In distillation, what happens to the mixture in the distillation flask?
Key term
Which component vaporises first during distillation and why?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
In distillation, what happens to the mixture in the distillation flask?
Model answer
The mixture is heated, causing the more volatile component to vaporise.
- 2
Which component vaporises first during distillation and why?
Model answer
The component with the lower boiling temperature vaporises first because it requires less energy to change from liquid to gas.
- 3
What is the function of the condenser in distillation?
Model answer
The condenser cools the vapour, converting it back into liquid.
- 4
What is the distillate in a distillation process?
Model answer
The distillate is the purified liquid collected after condensation of the vapour.
- 5
In steam distillation, how is steam introduced to the mixture?
Model answer
Steam is passed through the mixture containing the compound to be purified.
- 6
What happens during co-distillation in steam distillation?
Model answer
The organic compound and water distil together at a temperature below 100°C.
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