Process
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Organic Chemistry I
Alkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutants
- 3 things to know
- Papers 2 and 3
Overview
Alkanes and cycloalkanes as saturated hydrocarbons, fractional distillation, cracking and reforming, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons as pollutants and their effects, catalytic converters, and biofuels against non-renewable fossil fuels.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Process
How do oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain?
Key term
What type of carbon-carbon bonding is present in cycloalkanes, and what term describes this?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the general formula for alkanes?
Model answer
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- 2
Why are alkanes described as saturated hydrocarbons?
Model answer
Because they contain only single carbon-carbon bonds.
- 3
What type of carbon-carbon bonding is present in cycloalkanes, and what term describes this?
Model answer
Cycloalkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds, making them saturated hydrocarbons.
- 4
How does fractional distillation separate the components of crude oil?
Model answer
It separates components based on their different boiling points.
- 5
What is cracking and why is it used in the petroleum industry?
Model answer
Cracking is a process that breaks longer-chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful molecules to obtain alkane fuels from crude oil.
- 6
What is reforming in the context of fuel processing?
Model answer
Reforming rearranges unbranched chains into branched molecules and rings, which burn more efficiently in an engine.
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