Process
Edexcel A-Level Chemistry 9CH0
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure
Inorganic Chemistry and the Periodic Table
Topic overviewFlame tests and how they workThermal decomposition of nitrates and carbonatesCarrying out flame tests and testing the gasesGroup 2 elements and their compoundsTrends in Group 7 and predicting fluorine and astatineHalogen displacement reactionsDisproportionation and the reactions of chlorineHalides with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the hydrogen halidesTesting for halide ions with silver nitrateTesting for carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ionsTesting for sulfate and ammonium ions
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Topic overviewThe mole, molar mass and empirical formulaThe ideal gas equation and molar volumeEquations, concentration and reacting quantitiesStandard solutions, titration and uncertaintyPercentage yield, atom economy and acid reactionsCore practicals 1 to 3Empirical formula and water of crystallisation by experimentApparatus, uncertainty and mathematical skills
Organic Chemistry I
Topic overviewFormulae, homologous series and functional groupsIUPAC nomenclatureTypes of organic reaction and structural isomerismStereoisomerism and E/Z nomenclaturePractical techniques in organic chemistryAlkanes, crude oil and combustion pollutantsRadical substitutionAlkenes, the double bond and hydrogenationElectrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and the test for an alkeneAddition polymers and waste polymersNucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanesRates of hydrolysis and the SN1 and SN2 mechanismsClassifying and oxidising alcoholsAlcohols: practical techniques and the core practicals
Modern Analytical Techniques I
Energetics I
Kinetics I
Equilibrium I
Acid-Base Equilibria
Energetics II
Redox II
Transition Metals
Topic overviewElectron configuration and what makes a transition metalComplex ions, ligands and the colour of transition metal ionsCoordination number, monodentate ligands and the shapes of complexesBidentate and multidentate ligands, and ligand exchangeVanadium and chromium chemistryReactions with sodium hydroxide and ammoniaCobalt and copper complexesLigand exchange, amphoteric behaviour and the chelate effectTransition metals as catalysts
Kinetics II
Organic Chemistry II
Topic overviewChiralityAldehydes, ketones and their oxidationReduction and nucleophilic addition of HCNTesting for a carbonyl group: 2,4-DNPH and the iodoform reactionCarboxylic acids and their reactionsEsters and acyl chloridesReflux, extraction and recrystallisationDistillation, melting temperature and working safely
Organic Chemistry III
Topic overviewThe structure of benzene and the evidence for itElectrophilic substitution of benzeneNitration, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts and phenolAmines: structure and basicityReactions of amines and preparing themAmides and condensation polymersAmino acids, zwitterions and proteinsEmpirical and molecular formulae from analytical dataGrignard reagents and multi-step synthesisPurification techniques and the aspirin preparation
Energetics I
Enthalpy changes, standard definitions and calorimetry
- 3 things to know
- Papers 1 and 3
Overview
Enthalpy change and standard conditions, exothermic and endothermic signs and enthalpy level diagrams, the standard enthalpy changes of reaction, formation, combustion and neutralisation, using Q = mcΔT to find ΔH in kJ mol⁻¹, and the heat losses and assumptions that limit calorimetry.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
State the standard conditions used for enthalpy changes.
Key term
What is an enthalpy change?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is an enthalpy change?
Model answer
Heat taken in or given out while the pressure is held constant.
- 2
State the standard conditions used for enthalpy changes.
Model answer
A pressure of 100 kPa and a stated temperature, usually 298 K.
- 3
What is the sign of the enthalpy change for an exothermic reaction?
Model answer
Negative, because heat energy is released to the surroundings.
- 4
What is the sign of the enthalpy change for an endothermic reaction?
Model answer
Positive, because heat energy is taken in from the surroundings.
- 5
On an enthalpy level diagram, where are the products of an exothermic reaction relative to the reactants?
Model answer
Below the reactants, at lower enthalpy.
- 6
On an enthalpy level diagram, where are the products of an endothermic reaction relative to the reactants?
Model answer
Above the reactants, at higher enthalpy.
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