How do joints, faults and bedding planes influence where coastal landforms develop?

They are lines of weakness that waves and weathering attack first, so erosion is concentrated along them and hollows open up there rather than evenly across the rock face.

Explain how a cliff retreats and leaves a wave cut platform behind it.

Waves cut a notch into the base of the cliff between the tide marks until the rock above overhangs and collapses, and this is repeated so the cliff moves steadily inland. What is left where the cliff once stood is a gently sloping rocky ledge, exposed at low tide.

How does a cave form in a headland?

Hydraulic power and abrasion widen an existing crack in the rock into a hollow, and continued erosion deepens that hollow until it becomes a cave.

AQA GCSE Geography 8035

Climate Change

Topic overview The evidence, causes and effects of climate change Managing climate change: mitigation and adaptation

Coastal Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option

Topic overview Waves and coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition Coastal landforms of erosion and deposition Identifying landforms on a stretch of UK coastline Coastal management: hard and soft engineering, and a UK scheme Managing the Holderness coast at Mappleton

Cold EnvironmentsLiving world option

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Ecosystems

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EnergyResource option

Topic overview Energy surplus and deficit, and why demand is rising The impacts of energy insecurity Strategies to increase energy supply Towards a sustainable energy supply

FoodResource option

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Geographical Applications: Fieldwork Enquiry

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Geographical Skills

Topic overview Atlas maps: coordinates, distributions and patterns Reading thematic maps for physical and human associations OS maps: scale, grid references, distance and direction OS maps: gradient, contours and landscape features OS maps: relief, cross sections and drawing inferences OS maps: transects, landscape description and human activity Comparing maps, sketch maps and photographs Describing landscapes from photographs, and annotating them Choosing and constructing the right graph or chart Completing choropleth, isoline, dot, desire-line and flow maps Reading population pyramids, choropleth and flow-line maps Number, scale, proportion and ratio, and designing data sheets Drawing conclusions from numerical data Averages, spread, percentages and correlation Spotting weaknesses in how data is presented Using maps, fieldwork data and GIS as evidence Using imagery, written, visual and graphical sources Using numerical and statistical information as evidence Framing an enquiry and writing about it Building an argument and reaching a conclusion Issue evaluation: stakeholders, options and a justified decision

Glacial Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option

Topic overview The last ice age in the UK, and glacial processes Glacial landforms of erosion, transport and deposition Identifying landforms in a glaciated UK upland Economic activity, conflict and tourism in glaciated uplands Tourism in the Lake District

Hot DesertsLiving world option

Topic overview Hot desert characteristics, interdependence and adaptations Hot desert biodiversity Opportunities and challenges of developing a hot desert Desertification: causes and how the risk is reduced

Natural Hazards

Topic overview What a natural hazard is, and what affects hazard risk

Resource Management

Topic overview Why food, water and energy matter, and how unequally they are shared Resources in the UK, and the changing demand for food The UK's changing demand for water and energy

River Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option

Topic overview The long and cross profiles of a river, and fluvial processes River landforms from source to mouth Identifying landforms in a UK river valley Flood risk, hydrographs and flood management strategies A UK flood management scheme and its effects

Tectonic Hazards

Topic overview Plate tectonics, plate margins and where earthquakes and volcanoes occur The effects of and responses to a tectonic hazard Contrasting earthquakes: Chile 2010 and Nepal 2015 Living with tectonic risk: monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

The Changing Economic World

Topic overview Classifying development, and how it is measured Why measures fall short, the Demographic Transition Model, and causes of uneven development The consequences of uneven development Closing the development gap, and tourism as a strategy A rapidly developing country: change, industry, aid and impacts Nigeria: a newly emerging economy Economic futures in the UK UK economic change: named examples

Tropical Rainforests

Topic overview Rainforest characteristics, interdependence and adaptations Rainforest biodiversity Deforestation: rates, causes and impacts Deforestation in the Amazon The value of rainforests and how they are managed sustainably

UK Physical Landscapes

Topic overview The UK's upland areas, lowland areas and river systems

Urban Issues and Challenges

Topic overview Global urbanisation: patterns, trends and what drives them The rise of megacities A major city in a poorer or emerging country, and planning for the urban poor Rio de Janeiro: growth, opportunities and challenges The UK's urban population and a major UK city Bristol: urban change in a major UK city An urban regeneration project Sustainable urban living and urban transport

WaterResource option

Topic overview Water surplus and deficit, and why demand is rising The impacts of water insecurity Strategies to increase water supply Towards a sustainable water supply

Weather Hazards

Topic overview Global atmospheric circulation: pressure belts and surface winds Where tropical storms form, and why The structure of a tropical storm, and the effect of climate change The effects of and responses to tropical storms Reducing the effects of tropical storms Weather hazards in the UK An extreme weather event in the UK, and evidence of more extreme weather

Coastal Landscapes in the UK

Coastal landforms of erosion and deposition

3 things to know
Paper 1 section C

Overview

Concordant and discordant coasts, how rock type and lines of weakness shape cliffs, the formation of headlands and bays, wave cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks and stumps, and beaches, spits, bars and sand dunes.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What is the difference between a concordant and a discordant coastline?

Key term

How does the type of rock affect the shape of a cliff?

Process

How do headlands and bays form where bands of hard and soft rock reach the sea?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is the difference between a concordant and a discordant coastline?
Model answer
On a concordant coast the bands of rock run parallel to the sea, so the coastline is fairly straight and even. On a discordant coast the bands meet the sea end on, so weaker and more resistant rock is worn back at different rates.
2
How does the type of rock affect the shape of a cliff?
Model answer
Resistant rock such as granite or chalk is eroded slowly and stands as a high, steep cliff, while weak rock such as clay or sand is worn back quickly into a lower and much gentler slope.
3
How do joints, faults and bedding planes influence where coastal landforms develop?
Model answer
They are lines of weakness that waves and weathering attack first, so erosion is concentrated along them and hollows open up there rather than evenly across the rock face.
4
How do headlands and bays form where bands of hard and soft rock reach the sea?
Model answer
The weaker rock is eroded faster and retreats to leave a curved inlet, or bay, while the tougher rock is left standing out into the sea as a headland.
5
Explain how a cliff retreats and leaves a wave cut platform behind it.
Model answer
Waves cut a notch into the base of the cliff between the tide marks until the rock above overhangs and collapses, and this is repeated so the cliff moves steadily inland. What is left where the cliff once stood is a gently sloping rocky ledge, exposed at low tide.
6
How does a cave form in a headland?
Model answer
Hydraulic power and abrasion widen an existing crack in the rock into a hollow, and continued erosion deepens that hollow until it becomes a cave.

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