Key term
AQA GCSE Geography 8035
Climate Change
Coastal Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option
Topic overviewWaves and coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and depositionCoastal landforms of erosion and depositionIdentifying landforms on a stretch of UK coastlineCoastal management: hard and soft engineering, and a UK schemeManaging the Holderness coast at Mappleton
Cold EnvironmentsLiving world option
Ecosystems
EnergyResource option
FoodResource option
Geographical Applications: Fieldwork Enquiry
Topic overviewChoosing an enquiry question, its theory and its sourcesRisk assessment in fieldworkPrimary and secondary data, and sampling methodsJustifying your data collection methodsChoosing and using presentation methodsDescribing, analysing and explaining fieldwork resultsAnomalies in fieldwork dataDrawing conclusions from an enquiryEvaluating an enquiry: problems, limitations and missing dataHow reliable were your conclusions?
Geographical Skills
Topic overviewAtlas maps: coordinates, distributions and patternsReading thematic maps for physical and human associationsOS maps: scale, grid references, distance and directionOS maps: gradient, contours and landscape featuresOS maps: relief, cross sections and drawing inferencesOS maps: transects, landscape description and human activityComparing maps, sketch maps and photographsDescribing landscapes from photographs, and annotating themChoosing and constructing the right graph or chartCompleting choropleth, isoline, dot, desire-line and flow mapsReading population pyramids, choropleth and flow-line mapsNumber, scale, proportion and ratio, and designing data sheetsDrawing conclusions from numerical dataAverages, spread, percentages and correlationSpotting weaknesses in how data is presentedUsing maps, fieldwork data and GIS as evidenceUsing imagery, written, visual and graphical sourcesUsing numerical and statistical information as evidenceFraming an enquiry and writing about itBuilding an argument and reaching a conclusionIssue evaluation: stakeholders, options and a justified decision
Glacial Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option
Hot DesertsLiving world option
Resource Management
River Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option
Tectonic Hazards
The Changing Economic World
Topic overviewClassifying development, and how it is measuredWhy measures fall short, the Demographic Transition Model, and causes of uneven developmentThe consequences of uneven developmentClosing the development gap, and tourism as a strategyA rapidly developing country: change, industry, aid and impactsNigeria: a newly emerging economyEconomic futures in the UKUK economic change: named examples
Tropical Rainforests
UK Physical Landscapes
Urban Issues and Challenges
Topic overviewGlobal urbanisation: patterns, trends and what drives themThe rise of megacitiesA major city in a poorer or emerging country, and planning for the urban poorRio de Janeiro: growth, opportunities and challengesThe UK's urban population and a major UK cityBristol: urban change in a major UK cityAn urban regeneration projectSustainable urban living and urban transport
WaterResource option
Weather Hazards
Topic overviewGlobal atmospheric circulation: pressure belts and surface windsWhere tropical storms form, and whyThe structure of a tropical storm, and the effect of climate changeThe effects of and responses to tropical stormsReducing the effects of tropical stormsWeather hazards in the UKAn extreme weather event in the UK, and evidence of more extreme weather
Cold Environments
Cold environment characteristics, interdependence and adaptations
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1 section B
Overview
Polar and tundra environments, their long freezing winters and low precipitation, permafrost and the active layer, nutrient-poor soils, the links between plants, animals and people, and how plants and animals adapt to the cold.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
Describe the climate of a cold environment through the year.
Key term
What is permafrost, and what is the active layer that lies above it?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What are the two types of cold environment, and how do they differ?
Model answer
Polar regions, which stay covered by ice and snow all year round, and tundra, which is a treeless zone where the surface thaws for a short summer.
- 2
Describe the climate of a cold environment through the year.
Model answer
Long, dark winters hold temperatures far below freezing and the short summer lifts them only a little above 0 °C, while precipitation is very low and falls mostly as snow.
- 3
What is permafrost, and what is the active layer that lies above it?
Model answer
Permafrost is ground that has stayed frozen for at least two years, and the active layer is the thin surface soil above it that thaws each summer and refreezes each winter.
- 4
How are the climate, the permafrost and the soil of a cold environment linked in summer?
Model answer
The cold keeps the ground frozen, and because meltwater cannot drain away through the permafrost the thin soil above is left waterlogged and boggy.
- 5
Explain why the soils are so short of nutrients, and what that means for the plants growing in them.
Model answer
Decomposition is extremely slow in the cold, so little humus forms, and only slow-growing, undemanding plants such as mosses, lichens and dwarf shrubs can survive.
- 6
How do the animals and the people of a cold environment depend on its plants?
Model answer
Herds such as caribou and musk oxen graze the mosses, lichens and dwarf shrubs, and people rely on those herds for meat, skins and fuel because no crops will grow.
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