Key term
AQA GCSE Geography 8035
Climate Change
Coastal Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option
Topic overviewWaves and coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and depositionCoastal landforms of erosion and depositionIdentifying landforms on a stretch of UK coastlineCoastal management: hard and soft engineering, and a UK schemeManaging the Holderness coast at Mappleton
Cold EnvironmentsLiving world option
Ecosystems
EnergyResource option
FoodResource option
Geographical Applications: Fieldwork Enquiry
Topic overviewChoosing an enquiry question, its theory and its sourcesRisk assessment in fieldworkPrimary and secondary data, and sampling methodsJustifying your data collection methodsChoosing and using presentation methodsDescribing, analysing and explaining fieldwork resultsAnomalies in fieldwork dataDrawing conclusions from an enquiryEvaluating an enquiry: problems, limitations and missing dataHow reliable were your conclusions?
Geographical Skills
Topic overviewAtlas maps: coordinates, distributions and patternsReading thematic maps for physical and human associationsOS maps: scale, grid references, distance and directionOS maps: gradient, contours and landscape featuresOS maps: relief, cross sections and drawing inferencesOS maps: transects, landscape description and human activityComparing maps, sketch maps and photographsDescribing landscapes from photographs, and annotating themChoosing and constructing the right graph or chartCompleting choropleth, isoline, dot, desire-line and flow mapsReading population pyramids, choropleth and flow-line mapsNumber, scale, proportion and ratio, and designing data sheetsDrawing conclusions from numerical dataAverages, spread, percentages and correlationSpotting weaknesses in how data is presentedUsing maps, fieldwork data and GIS as evidenceUsing imagery, written, visual and graphical sourcesUsing numerical and statistical information as evidenceFraming an enquiry and writing about itBuilding an argument and reaching a conclusionIssue evaluation: stakeholders, options and a justified decision
Glacial Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option
Hot DesertsLiving world option
Resource Management
River Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option
Tectonic Hazards
The Changing Economic World
Topic overviewClassifying development, and how it is measuredWhy measures fall short, the Demographic Transition Model, and causes of uneven developmentThe consequences of uneven developmentClosing the development gap, and tourism as a strategyA rapidly developing country: change, industry, aid and impactsNigeria: a newly emerging economyEconomic futures in the UKUK economic change: named examples
Tropical Rainforests
UK Physical Landscapes
Urban Issues and Challenges
Topic overviewGlobal urbanisation: patterns, trends and what drives themThe rise of megacitiesA major city in a poorer or emerging country, and planning for the urban poorRio de Janeiro: growth, opportunities and challengesThe UK's urban population and a major UK cityBristol: urban change in a major UK cityAn urban regeneration projectSustainable urban living and urban transport
WaterResource option
Weather Hazards
Topic overviewGlobal atmospheric circulation: pressure belts and surface windsWhere tropical storms form, and whyThe structure of a tropical storm, and the effect of climate changeThe effects of and responses to tropical stormsReducing the effects of tropical stormsWeather hazards in the UKAn extreme weather event in the UK, and evidence of more extreme weather
River Landscapes in the UK
River landforms from source to mouth
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1 section C
Overview
The formation of interlocking spurs, waterfalls, plunge pools and gorges, meanders with river cliffs and slip-off slopes, ox-bow lakes, levées, flood plains and estuaries.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
How does a waterfall form where a band of hard rock lies over softer rock?
Key term
What eventually happens to the overhang of hard rock at a waterfall?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What are interlocking spurs, and in which part of a river's course are they found?
Model answer
They are ridges of higher, tougher land that jut into the valley from alternate sides in the upper course, so the river winds between them.
- 2
Why does a river wind around spurs instead of cutting straight through them?
Model answer
In its upper course it has too little energy for sideways erosion, so it takes the easiest route around the areas of harder rock.
- 3
How does a waterfall form where a band of hard rock lies over softer rock?
Model answer
The softer rock downstream is worn away faster, leaving a step, and the falling water then undercuts the soft rock to create a plunge pool beneath an overhang.
- 4
What eventually happens to the overhang of hard rock at a waterfall?
Model answer
Left unsupported, it collapses into the plunge pool, and the waterfall retreats a little further upstream.
- 5
How is a gorge formed, and what does one look like?
Model answer
It is the narrow, steep-sided section of valley left behind as a waterfall retreats upstream over thousands of years.
- 6
What is a meander, and where in a river's course are meanders common?
Model answer
A meander is a pronounced bend in the channel, most common in the middle and lower course where the river crosses flatter land.
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