What was the land like in southern Britain, beyond the edge of the ice?

It was cold, treeless tundra with ground that stayed frozen for much of the year, shaped by freeze-thaw and by meltwater rather than by ice moving over it.

Explain how freeze-thaw weathering breaks up rock in a cold upland.

Water collects in a crack, freezes and expands by about 9%, pushing the crack wider, and repeated freezing and thawing eventually snaps off angular fragments of rock.

What two conditions must be present for freeze-thaw weathering to work?

Water able to get into cracks in the rock, and temperatures that repeatedly rise above and fall below 0 °C.

AQA GCSE Geography 8035

Climate Change

Topic overview The evidence, causes and effects of climate change Managing climate change: mitigation and adaptation

Coastal Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option

Topic overview Waves and coastal processes: weathering, mass movement, erosion, transport and deposition Coastal landforms of erosion and deposition Identifying landforms on a stretch of UK coastline Coastal management: hard and soft engineering, and a UK scheme Managing the Holderness coast at Mappleton

Cold EnvironmentsLiving world option

Topic overview Cold environment characteristics, interdependence and adaptations Cold environment biodiversity Opportunities and challenges of developing a cold environment Protecting wilderness: balancing development and conservation

Ecosystems

Topic overview Ecosystems at every scale: interrelationships, balance and global distribution

EnergyResource option

Topic overview Energy surplus and deficit, and why demand is rising The impacts of energy insecurity Strategies to increase energy supply Towards a sustainable energy supply

FoodResource option

Topic overview Food security and insecurity: patterns, causes and impacts Strategies to increase food supply Towards a sustainable food supply

Geographical Applications: Fieldwork Enquiry

Topic overview Choosing an enquiry question, its theory and its sources Risk assessment in fieldwork Primary and secondary data, and sampling methods Justifying your data collection methods Choosing and using presentation methods Describing, analysing and explaining fieldwork results Anomalies in fieldwork data Drawing conclusions from an enquiry Evaluating an enquiry: problems, limitations and missing data How reliable were your conclusions?

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Atlas maps: coordinates, distributions and patterns Reading thematic maps for physical and human associations OS maps: scale, grid references, distance and direction OS maps: gradient, contours and landscape features OS maps: relief, cross sections and drawing inferences OS maps: transects, landscape description and human activity Comparing maps, sketch maps and photographs Describing landscapes from photographs, and annotating them Choosing and constructing the right graph or chart Completing choropleth, isoline, dot, desire-line and flow maps Reading population pyramids, choropleth and flow-line maps Number, scale, proportion and ratio, and designing data sheets Drawing conclusions from numerical data Averages, spread, percentages and correlation Spotting weaknesses in how data is presented Using maps, fieldwork data and GIS as evidence Using imagery, written, visual and graphical sources Using numerical and statistical information as evidence Framing an enquiry and writing about it Building an argument and reaching a conclusion Issue evaluation: stakeholders, options and a justified decision

Glacial Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option

Topic overview The last ice age in the UK, and glacial processes Glacial landforms of erosion, transport and deposition Identifying landforms in a glaciated UK upland Economic activity, conflict and tourism in glaciated uplands Tourism in the Lake District

Hot DesertsLiving world option

Topic overview Hot desert characteristics, interdependence and adaptations Hot desert biodiversity Opportunities and challenges of developing a hot desert Desertification: causes and how the risk is reduced

Natural Hazards

Topic overview What a natural hazard is, and what affects hazard risk

Resource Management

Topic overview Why food, water and energy matter, and how unequally they are shared Resources in the UK, and the changing demand for food The UK's changing demand for water and energy

River Landscapes in the UKUK landscape option

Topic overview The long and cross profiles of a river, and fluvial processes River landforms from source to mouth Identifying landforms in a UK river valley Flood risk, hydrographs and flood management strategies A UK flood management scheme and its effects

Tectonic Hazards

Topic overview Plate tectonics, plate margins and where earthquakes and volcanoes occur The effects of and responses to a tectonic hazard Contrasting earthquakes: Chile 2010 and Nepal 2015 Living with tectonic risk: monitoring, prediction, protection and planning

The Changing Economic World

Topic overview Classifying development, and how it is measured Why measures fall short, the Demographic Transition Model, and causes of uneven development The consequences of uneven development Closing the development gap, and tourism as a strategy A rapidly developing country: change, industry, aid and impacts Nigeria: a newly emerging economy Economic futures in the UK UK economic change: named examples

Tropical Rainforests

Topic overview Rainforest characteristics, interdependence and adaptations Rainforest biodiversity Deforestation: rates, causes and impacts Deforestation in the Amazon The value of rainforests and how they are managed sustainably

UK Physical Landscapes

Topic overview The UK's upland areas, lowland areas and river systems

Urban Issues and Challenges

Topic overview Global urbanisation: patterns, trends and what drives them The rise of megacities A major city in a poorer or emerging country, and planning for the urban poor Rio de Janeiro: growth, opportunities and challenges The UK's urban population and a major UK city Bristol: urban change in a major UK city An urban regeneration project Sustainable urban living and urban transport

WaterResource option

Topic overview Water surplus and deficit, and why demand is rising The impacts of water insecurity Strategies to increase water supply Towards a sustainable water supply

Weather Hazards

Topic overview Global atmospheric circulation: pressure belts and surface winds Where tropical storms form, and why The structure of a tropical storm, and the effect of climate change The effects of and responses to tropical storms Reducing the effects of tropical storms Weather hazards in the UK An extreme weather event in the UK, and evidence of more extreme weather

Glacial Landscapes in the UK

The last ice age in the UK, and glacial processes

3 things to know
Paper 1 section C

Overview

How far ice covered Britain in the last ice age and when it retreated, glacial and interglacial periods, freeze-thaw weathering, abrasion and plucking, rotational slip and bulldozing, and why glaciers deposit till and outwash.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Which parts of Britain lay beneath ice when the last ice age was at its coldest?

Numbers

Roughly when was ice at its greatest extent over Britain, and when did it finally retreat?

Key term

What is the difference between a glacial period and an interglacial period?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Which parts of Britain lay beneath ice when the last ice age was at its coldest?
Model answer
The whole of Scotland and Northern Ireland, most of Wales and northern England were buried, with the ice reaching south to roughly a line running from South Wales across the northern Midlands to the north Norfolk coast.
2
What was the land like in southern Britain, beyond the edge of the ice?
Model answer
It was cold, treeless tundra with ground that stayed frozen for much of the year, shaped by freeze-thaw and by meltwater rather than by ice moving over it.
3
Roughly when was ice at its greatest extent over Britain, and when did it finally retreat?
Model answer
The ice reached its greatest extent around 18,000 years ago and had melted back from Britain by about 10,000 years ago.
4
What is the difference between a glacial period and an interglacial period?
Model answer
A glacial is a long, cold phase in which ice sheets grow and spread outwards, while an interglacial is a warmer phase between glacials when the ice melts back.
5
Explain how freeze-thaw weathering breaks up rock in a cold upland.
Model answer
Water collects in a crack, freezes and expands by about 9%, pushing the crack wider, and repeated freezing and thawing eventually snaps off angular fragments of rock.
6
What two conditions must be present for freeze-thaw weathering to work?
Model answer
Water able to get into cracks in the rock, and temperatures that repeatedly rise above and fall below 0 °C.

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