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CCEA A-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Lattice Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy
Topic overviewLattice enthalpy and the factors that control itBorn–Haber cycles for Group I halidesBorn–Haber cycles for Group II halides and oxidesEnthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solutionCalculations on dissolving ionic compoundsEntropy and the limits of enthalpy changeStandard entropy change calculationsFree energy and the temperature of feasibility
Rates of Reaction
Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewEquilibrium concentrations from initial amountsKc expressions, values and unitsBrønsted–Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairsKw, pH and the pH of strong acids and basesKa, pKa and the pH of weak acidsBuffer solutions and how they resist pH changeCalculating the pH of a buffer solutionTitration curves, indicators and the pH of salt solutions
Isomerism
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewStructure and naming of aldehydes and ketonesBoiling points and solubility of carbonyl compoundsPreparation from primary and secondary alcoholsReaction with hydrogen cyanide and the nucleophilic addition mechanismRacemic mixtures from nucleophilic addition2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and the identification of carbonylsDistinguishing aldehydes from ketones, and reduction with lithal
Carboxylic Acids
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewEsters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingBoiling points and solubility of monoestersMaking esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesThe laboratory preparation of a liquid esterFats and oils as esters of glycerolTransesterification, biodiesel and margarineReactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols
Aromatic Chemistry
Spectroscopy and Chromatography
Topic overviewThe mass spectrum: molecular ion and base peakFragmentation and the formulae of fragment ionsHigh resolution mass spectrometryNuclear magnetic resonance and the TMS standardChemically equivalent hydrogens and chemical shiftIntegration curvesSpin–spin splitting and the n+1 ruleDeducing a structure from an nmr spectrumPaper and thin-layer chromatographyGas–liquid chromatography
Volumetric Analysis
Transition Metals
Topic overviewThe characteristic properties of the transition metalsElectronic configurations of the metals and their ionsComplexes, ligands and coordination numberOxidation number, redox and disproportionationMonodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligandsLigand strength and the entropy of ligand replacementLigand replacement in copper(II) complexesThe colours of the aqueous transition metal ionsHydroxide precipitates with sodium hydroxidePrecipitates with aqueous ammonia and their dissolutionVanadium and the interconversion of its oxidation states
Electrode Potentials
Amines
Amides and Polymers
Amino Acids and Proteins
Amides and Polymers
- 6 subtopics
- 18 things to know
- Unit A2 2
What Amides and Polymers covers
Amides and Polymers is examined in Unit A2 2, Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry. It covers the amide group and its preparation, reactions of amides, the basicity of amides, condensation polymerisation, polyesters and polyamides in use and Comparing addition and condensation polymers.
Where it is assessed
Unit A2 2
Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 6 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The amide group and its preparationFunctional group of an amide and formed when an acyl chloride reacts with a primary amine.Open →
- Reactions of amidesProducts of acid hydrolysis of an amide and products of alkaline hydrolysis of an amide.Open →
- The basicity of amidesRecall questions on why an amide would be expected to be basic and why it is not, what delocalisation of the nitrogen lone pair means, the bond length and planarity evidence for it, ranking ammonia, ethylamine and ethanamide, why the planarity matters to proteins, and the order of reactivity of acyl chloride, ester and amide.Open →
- Condensation polymerisationCondensation polymerisation, repeating unit of a polymer and polymer is a protein.Open →
- Polyesters and polyamides in useMonomers of polyethylene terephthalate, polymer is polyethylene terephthalate and eliminated at each link in its formation.Open →
- Comparing addition and condensation polymersTwo classes of polymerisation, monomer takes part in addition polymerisation and atom economy of an addition polymerisation.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
Describe, in words, the mechanism by which ethanoyl chloride reacts with ammonia.
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Why is an amide much less basic than an amine?
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What is a condensation polymerisation?
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What are the monomers of polyethylene terephthalate?
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Name the two classes of polymerisation.
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What is the functional group of an amide?
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What are the products of acid hydrolysis of an amide?
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Give one piece of structural evidence that the nitrogen lone pair in an amide is delocalised
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Which functional groups take part in the condensation polymerisations required in the CCEA course?
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What kind of polymer is polyethylene terephthalate?
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What kind of monomer takes part in addition polymerisation?
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How is an amide prepared from a carboxylic acid?
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Write the equation for the acid hydrolysis of ethanamide with hydrochloric acid.
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Besides the bond length, give one piece of structural evidence that the amide lone pair is delocalised.
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How does condensation polymerisation differ from addition polymerisation?
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What is eliminated at each link in the formation of polyethylene terephthalate?
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Give two examples of an addition polymer.
Take Amides and Polymers further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is the functional group of an amide?
Model answer
A carbonyl group bonded directly to a nitrogen atom, written −CONH₂ in a primary amide.
- 2
Give the structure of ethanamide.
Model answer
CH₃CONH₂.
- 3
How are amides named?
Model answer
From the parent carboxylic acid, replacing the ending -oic acid with -amide, so ethanoic acid gives ethanamide.
- 4
How is an amide prepared from a carboxylic acid?
Model answer
The acid reacts with ammonia to give the ammonium salt, which is then heated to drive off water and leave the amide.
- 5
Write the two stages of that preparation for ethanoic acid.
Model answer
CH₃COOH + NH₃ → CH₃COO⁻NH₄⁺, and on heating CH₃COO⁻NH₄⁺ → CH₃CONH₂ + H₂O.
- 6
How is an amide prepared from an acyl chloride?
Model answer
An acyl chloride reacts vigorously with ammonia or with an amine at room temperature, giving the amide and hydrogen chloride.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Amides and Polymers revision questions
- What does Amides and Polymers cover in CCEA A-Level Chemistry?
- 6 subtopics: the amide group and its preparation, reactions of amides, the basicity of amides, condensation polymerisation, polyesters and polyamides in use and comparing addition and condensation polymers. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Amides and Polymers organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Amides and Polymers, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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