Key term
CCEA A-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Lattice Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy
Topic overviewLattice enthalpy and the factors that control itBorn–Haber cycles for Group I halidesBorn–Haber cycles for Group II halides and oxidesEnthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solutionCalculations on dissolving ionic compoundsEntropy and the limits of enthalpy changeStandard entropy change calculationsFree energy and the temperature of feasibility
Rates of Reaction
Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewEquilibrium concentrations from initial amountsKc expressions, values and unitsBrønsted–Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairsKw, pH and the pH of strong acids and basesKa, pKa and the pH of weak acidsBuffer solutions and how they resist pH changeCalculating the pH of a buffer solutionTitration curves, indicators and the pH of salt solutions
Isomerism
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewStructure and naming of aldehydes and ketonesBoiling points and solubility of carbonyl compoundsPreparation from primary and secondary alcoholsReaction with hydrogen cyanide and the nucleophilic addition mechanismRacemic mixtures from nucleophilic addition2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and the identification of carbonylsDistinguishing aldehydes from ketones, and reduction with lithal
Carboxylic Acids
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewEsters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingBoiling points and solubility of monoestersMaking esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesThe laboratory preparation of a liquid esterFats and oils as esters of glycerolTransesterification, biodiesel and margarineReactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols
Aromatic Chemistry
Spectroscopy and Chromatography
Topic overviewThe mass spectrum: molecular ion and base peakFragmentation and the formulae of fragment ionsHigh resolution mass spectrometryNuclear magnetic resonance and the TMS standardChemically equivalent hydrogens and chemical shiftIntegration curvesSpin–spin splitting and the n+1 ruleDeducing a structure from an nmr spectrumPaper and thin-layer chromatographyGas–liquid chromatography
Volumetric Analysis
Transition Metals
Topic overviewThe characteristic properties of the transition metalsElectronic configurations of the metals and their ionsComplexes, ligands and coordination numberOxidation number, redox and disproportionationMonodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligandsLigand strength and the entropy of ligand replacementLigand replacement in copper(II) complexesThe colours of the aqueous transition metal ionsHydroxide precipitates with sodium hydroxidePrecipitates with aqueous ammonia and their dissolutionVanadium and the interconversion of its oxidation states
Electrode Potentials
Amines
Amides and Polymers
Amino Acids and Proteins
Amines
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Unit A2 2
What Amines covers
Amines is examined in Unit A2 2, Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry. It covers structure and classification of amines, physical properties of amines, preparing aliphatic and aromatic amines, amines as bases, reaction with ethanoyl chloride and identifying amines, diazonium salts and coupling and colour and delocalisation.
Where it is assessed
Unit A2 2
Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Structure and classification of aminesPrimary amine, secondary amine and tertiary amine.Open →
- Physical properties of aminesRecall questions on hydrogen bonding in a primary amine and its effect on boiling point, comparisons with propane and with an alcohol of similar mass, why a tertiary amine boils lower, why the smaller amines dissolve in water and why solubility falls with chain length, the fishy smell and why lemon juice removes it, and why the solution is alkaline.Open →
- Preparing aliphatic and aromatic aminesMechanism by which ammonia converts a halogenoalkane into an amine and main disadvantage of the halogenoalkane route.Open →
- Amines as basesRecall questions on why an amine is a base, the reaction with hydrochloric acid and recovering the free amine from its salt, why the salts are solids, ranking ammonia with primary, secondary, tertiary and aromatic amines, why alkyl groups raise basicity and delocalisation into a ring lowers it, and why an amide is not in the order at all.Open →
- Reaction with ethanoyl chloride and identifying aminesFormed when a primary amine reacts with ethanoyl chloride, mechanism by which an amine reacts with ethanoyl chloride and observed when ethanoyl chloride is added to a primary amine.Open →
- Diazonium salts and couplingCoupling reaction, formed when benzenediazonium chloride couples with phenol and formed when benzenediazonium chloride couples with phenylamine.Open →
- Colour and delocalisationRecall questions on why a compound is coloured and which electrons are promoted, how the extent of delocalisation sets the energy gap and the wavelength absorbed, why benzene is colourless but an azo compound is not, what a chromophore is, why an indicator changes colour with pH, methyl orange as the worked example, and complementary colour.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
Describe, in words, the mechanism by which ethylamine reacts with ethanoyl chloride.
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Why does an amine boil lower than an alcohol of similar mass?
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How is a primary aliphatic amine made by reducing a nitrile?
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Why is an amine a base?
Process
How is benzenediazonium chloride formed?
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Which electrons are promoted in an organic dye?
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What is an amine?
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Why does the solubility of amines in water fall as the carbon chain lengthens?
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Write the equation for the reduction of ethanenitrile to ethylamine
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Write the equation for the reaction of ethylamine with hydrochloric acid
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What is formed when a primary amine reacts with ethanoyl chloride?
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Why must the temperature be kept below about 10 °C when benzenediazonium chloride is made?
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How does the extent of delocalisation affect the energy gap between electron energy levels in a dye?
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What is a primary amine?
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Why does adding lemon juice reduce the smell of fish?
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Why is a dry solvent used with lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III)?
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Why are amine salts solids while the amines themselves are often volatile liquids?
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Write the equation for the reaction of ethylamine with ethanoyl chloride
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Why is the nitrous acid generated in the reaction mixture rather than added?
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How does a smaller energy gap change the light absorbed?
Take Amines further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is an amine?
Model answer
A compound in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia has been replaced by a carbon-containing group.
- 2
What is a primary amine?
Model answer
One in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms.
- 3
What is a secondary amine?
Model answer
One in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom.
- 4
What is a tertiary amine?
Model answer
One in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to three carbon atoms and no hydrogen.
- 5
Give the molecular and structural formulae of ethylamine.
Model answer
C₂H₇N, written structurally as CH₃CH₂NH₂.
- 6
Give the structural formula of diethylamine and say which class it belongs to.
Model answer
(CH₃CH₂)₂NH, a secondary amine.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Amines revision questions
- What does Amines cover in CCEA A-Level Chemistry?
- 7 subtopics: structure and classification of amines, physical properties of amines, preparing aliphatic and aromatic amines, amines as bases, reaction with ethanoyl chloride and identifying amines, diazonium salts and coupling and colour and delocalisation. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Amines organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Amines, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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