Key term
CCEA A-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Lattice Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy
Topic overviewLattice enthalpy and the factors that control itBorn–Haber cycles for Group I halidesBorn–Haber cycles for Group II halides and oxidesEnthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solutionCalculations on dissolving ionic compoundsEntropy and the limits of enthalpy changeStandard entropy change calculationsFree energy and the temperature of feasibility
Rates of Reaction
Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewEquilibrium concentrations from initial amountsKc expressions, values and unitsBrønsted–Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairsKw, pH and the pH of strong acids and basesKa, pKa and the pH of weak acidsBuffer solutions and how they resist pH changeCalculating the pH of a buffer solutionTitration curves, indicators and the pH of salt solutions
Isomerism
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewStructure and naming of aldehydes and ketonesBoiling points and solubility of carbonyl compoundsPreparation from primary and secondary alcoholsReaction with hydrogen cyanide and the nucleophilic addition mechanismRacemic mixtures from nucleophilic addition2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and the identification of carbonylsDistinguishing aldehydes from ketones, and reduction with lithal
Carboxylic Acids
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewEsters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingBoiling points and solubility of monoestersMaking esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesThe laboratory preparation of a liquid esterFats and oils as esters of glycerolTransesterification, biodiesel and margarineReactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols
Aromatic Chemistry
Spectroscopy and Chromatography
Topic overviewThe mass spectrum: molecular ion and base peakFragmentation and the formulae of fragment ionsHigh resolution mass spectrometryNuclear magnetic resonance and the TMS standardChemically equivalent hydrogens and chemical shiftIntegration curvesSpin–spin splitting and the n+1 ruleDeducing a structure from an nmr spectrumPaper and thin-layer chromatographyGas–liquid chromatography
Volumetric Analysis
Transition Metals
Topic overviewThe characteristic properties of the transition metalsElectronic configurations of the metals and their ionsComplexes, ligands and coordination numberOxidation number, redox and disproportionationMonodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligandsLigand strength and the entropy of ligand replacementLigand replacement in copper(II) complexesThe colours of the aqueous transition metal ionsHydroxide precipitates with sodium hydroxidePrecipitates with aqueous ammonia and their dissolutionVanadium and the interconversion of its oxidation states
Electrode Potentials
Amines
Amides and Polymers
Amino Acids and Proteins
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Unit A2 1
What Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids covers
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids is examined in Unit A2 1, Further Physical and Organic Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry. It covers esters and acyl chlorides: structure and naming, boiling points and solubility of monoesters, making esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chlorides, the laboratory preparation of a liquid ester, fats and oils as esters of glycerol, transesterification, biodiesel and margarine and reactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols.
Where it is assessed
Unit A2 1
Further Physical and Organic Chemistry, and again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Esters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingTwo classes of compound studied as derivatives of carboxylic acids, ester functional group and what is meant by a monoester.Open →
- Boiling points and solubility of monoestersStrongest intermolecular force between molecules of an ester, why ester molecules cannot hydrogen bond to one another and one physical property that makes short-chain esters useful in flavourings.Open →
- Making esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesWhat is observed when ethanoyl chloride is added to ethanol, ester formed from butanoyl chloride and methanol and acyl chloride and alcohol needed to prepare propyl ethanoate.Open →
- The laboratory preparation of a liquid esterWhy anti-bumping granules are placed in the flask, why the mixture is heated under reflux and how the two layers are separated after washing.Open →
- Fats and oils as esters of glycerolAlcohol from which all natural fats and oils are derived, how many ester linkages a molecule of fat contains and why fats and oils are described as triesters.Open →
- Transesterification, biodiesel and margarineAlcohol reacted with vegetable oil to make biodiesel, catalyst used in the manufacture of biodiesel and how oils are hardened to make margarine by hydrogenation.Open →
- Reactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcoholsOrganic product formed when propanoyl chloride reacts with water, why acyl chlorides fume in moist air and how the hydrogen chloride released can be confirmed chemically.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Compare making ethyl ethanoate from ethanoic acid with making it from ethanoyl chloride, giving the equation and the conditions for each.
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Name the two classes of compound studied as derivatives of carboxylic acids.
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State the three substances mixed in the flask at the start of a laboratory ester preparation.
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State how many ester linkages a molecule of fat contains.
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Define transesterification.
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Write the equation for the reaction of ethanoyl chloride with water.
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Explain what is meant by a monoester.
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Name the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of an ester.
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Write the equation for the formation of ethyl ethanoate from ethanoic acid and ethanol.
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Explain why the concentrated sulfuric acid is added slowly with swirling and cooling in a laboratory ester preparation
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Explain why fats and oils are described as triesters.
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State what is exchanged when an ester reacts with an alcohol in a transesterification.
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State three observations made when ethanoyl chloride is added to cold water.
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Give the general molecular formula of a saturated aliphatic monoester.
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Ethyl ethanoate boils at 77 °C while its isomer butanoic acid boils at 164 °C. Account for this difference.
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State the catalyst used when an ester is made from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
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Describe how the crude ester is removed from the reaction mixture after reflux.
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State how many molecules of water are released when one molecule of fat forms from glycerol and fatty acids.
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State what is exchanged when an ester reacts with a carboxylic acid in a transesterification.
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Name the organic product formed when propanoyl chloride reacts with water.
Take Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Name the two classes of compound studied as derivatives of carboxylic acids.
Model answer
The two classes are esters and acyl chlorides.
- 2
Describe the ester functional group.
Model answer
An ester group is a carbonyl carbon joined by a single bond to an oxygen atom that is itself joined to another carbon atom, written as −COO−.
- 3
Explain what is meant by a monoester.
Model answer
A monoester is a compound containing just one ester linkage in the molecule.
- 4
Give the general molecular formula of a saturated aliphatic monoester.
Model answer
The general formula is CₙH₂ₙO₂.
- 5
State the rule for naming an ester.
Model answer
The alkyl group that came from the alcohol is named first, followed by the name of the parent acid with its ending changed to -oate.
- 6
Give the molecular and structural formulae of ethyl ethanoate.
Model answer
Ethyl ethanoate has the molecular formula C₄H₈O₂ and the structural formula CH₃COOC₂H₅.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids revision questions
- What does Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids cover in CCEA A-Level Chemistry?
- 7 subtopics: esters and acyl chlorides: structure and naming, boiling points and solubility of monoesters, making esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chlorides, the laboratory preparation of a liquid ester, fats and oils as esters of glycerol, transesterification, biodiesel and margarine and reactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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