Key term
CCEA A-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Lattice Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy
Topic overviewLattice enthalpy and the factors that control itBorn–Haber cycles for Group I halidesBorn–Haber cycles for Group II halides and oxidesEnthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solutionCalculations on dissolving ionic compoundsEntropy and the limits of enthalpy changeStandard entropy change calculationsFree energy and the temperature of feasibility
Rates of Reaction
Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewEquilibrium concentrations from initial amountsKc expressions, values and unitsBrønsted–Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairsKw, pH and the pH of strong acids and basesKa, pKa and the pH of weak acidsBuffer solutions and how they resist pH changeCalculating the pH of a buffer solutionTitration curves, indicators and the pH of salt solutions
Isomerism
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewStructure and naming of aldehydes and ketonesBoiling points and solubility of carbonyl compoundsPreparation from primary and secondary alcoholsReaction with hydrogen cyanide and the nucleophilic addition mechanismRacemic mixtures from nucleophilic addition2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and the identification of carbonylsDistinguishing aldehydes from ketones, and reduction with lithal
Carboxylic Acids
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewEsters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingBoiling points and solubility of monoestersMaking esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesThe laboratory preparation of a liquid esterFats and oils as esters of glycerolTransesterification, biodiesel and margarineReactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols
Aromatic Chemistry
Spectroscopy and Chromatography
Topic overviewThe mass spectrum: molecular ion and base peakFragmentation and the formulae of fragment ionsHigh resolution mass spectrometryNuclear magnetic resonance and the TMS standardChemically equivalent hydrogens and chemical shiftIntegration curvesSpin–spin splitting and the n+1 ruleDeducing a structure from an nmr spectrumPaper and thin-layer chromatographyGas–liquid chromatography
Volumetric Analysis
Transition Metals
Topic overviewThe characteristic properties of the transition metalsElectronic configurations of the metals and their ionsComplexes, ligands and coordination numberOxidation number, redox and disproportionationMonodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligandsLigand strength and the entropy of ligand replacementLigand replacement in copper(II) complexesThe colours of the aqueous transition metal ionsHydroxide precipitates with sodium hydroxidePrecipitates with aqueous ammonia and their dissolutionVanadium and the interconversion of its oxidation states
Electrode Potentials
Amines
Amides and Polymers
Amino Acids and Proteins
Chemistry in Medicine
- 8 subtopics
- 24 things to know
- Unit A2 2
What Chemistry in Medicine covers
Chemistry in Medicine is examined in Unit A2 2, Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry. It covers indigestion remedies, analysing an indigestion remedy by back titration, treating the skin, silver nitrate and cisplatin, aspirin: synthesis and analysis, chromatography in identifying drugs, haemoglobin, carbon monoxide and edta and drugs, testing and judgement.
Where it is assessed
Unit A2 2
Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Indigestion remediesRecall questions on what causes indigestion and what an antacid is, the three substances used and their equations with stomach acid, why a carbonate causes belching, why an antacid must be only weakly basic and why sodium hydroxide is never used, the laxative side effect, alginates, and how an antacid differs from a drug that stops acid being made.Open →
- Analysing an indigestion remedy by back titrationRecall questions on why the active ingredient is found by back titration rather than directly, the procedure and why the tablet is crushed and warmed, the choice of indicator, a full worked calculation from moles of acid added to the percentage of the tablet, checking it forwards, and why the result is less precise than a direct titration.Open →
- Treating the skinNormal pH of healthy skin and balanced conclusion about corrosive skin treatments.Open →
- Silver nitrate and cisplatinRecall questions on why silver nitrate treats bacterial eye infection and why it must be dilute, how silver ions kill bacteria and why the solution stains skin, why it has been superseded, what cisplatin is and its square planar shape, how it binds DNA and why the chlorides must be cis, and why its side effects are severe.Open →
- Aspirin: synthesis and analysisRecall questions on the synthesis from salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride and why that reagent is chosen, the catalyst and the equation, purification by recrystallisation and checking purity by melting point, why aspirin is supplied as the sodium salt, determining its concentration by titration with phenolphthalein, and why the solution must be fresh.Open →
- Chromatography in identifying drugsStationary and mobile phases in thin layer chromatography and rf value.Open →
- Haemoglobin, carbon monoxide and edtaOxidation state of the iron in functioning haemoglobin and ligand is edta.Open →
- Drugs, testing and judgementActive ingredient of a medicine, two analytical techniques used to check a drug's purity and drug's side effects.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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State a balanced conclusion about chemistry in medicine.
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Why is the active ingredient of an indigestion tablet determined by back titration?
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What is the normal pH of healthy skin?
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Why is silver nitrate used in the treatment of eye disease?
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From what is aspirin synthesised?
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What does thin layer chromatography separate?
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What is haemoglobin?
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What causes indigestion?
Process
Outline the back titration procedure for analysing an indigestion tablet
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Why must only a weak acid or base be used on skin?
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What eye condition was silver nitrate historically used to prevent?
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Write the equation for the synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride
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What are the stationary and mobile phases in thin layer chromatography?
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How does haemoglobin carry oxygen?
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What is meant by the active ingredient of a medicine?
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What is an antacid?
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Why is an indigestion tablet crushed before it is added to the acid in a back titration?
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What causes a wart?
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Why must a silver nitrate solution used on the eye be very dilute?
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What catalyst is used in the synthesis of aspirin?
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What is the Rf value?
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Why must the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin be reversible?
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Why does a medicine contain more than its active ingredient?
Take Chemistry in Medicine further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What causes indigestion?
Model answer
An excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which irritates the lining and causes pain.
- 2
What is an antacid?
Model answer
A base taken by mouth to neutralise excess stomach acid.
- 3
Name three substances used as antacids.
Model answer
Magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
- 4
Write the reaction of magnesium hydroxide with stomach acid.
Model answer
Mg(OH)₂(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l).
- 5
Write the reaction of calcium carbonate with stomach acid.
Model answer
CaCO₃(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g).
- 6
Why does a carbonate antacid cause belching?
Model answer
Carbon dioxide is released as the carbonate neutralises the acid.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Chemistry in Medicine revision questions
- What does Chemistry in Medicine cover in CCEA A-Level Chemistry?
- 8 subtopics: indigestion remedies, analysing an indigestion remedy by back titration, treating the skin, silver nitrate and cisplatin, aspirin: synthesis and analysis, chromatography in identifying drugs, haemoglobin, carbon monoxide and edta and drugs, testing and judgement. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Chemistry in Medicine organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Chemistry in Medicine, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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