Process
CCEA A-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Lattice Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy
Topic overviewLattice enthalpy and the factors that control itBorn–Haber cycles for Group I halidesBorn–Haber cycles for Group II halides and oxidesEnthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solutionCalculations on dissolving ionic compoundsEntropy and the limits of enthalpy changeStandard entropy change calculationsFree energy and the temperature of feasibility
Rates of Reaction
Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewEquilibrium concentrations from initial amountsKc expressions, values and unitsBrønsted–Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairsKw, pH and the pH of strong acids and basesKa, pKa and the pH of weak acidsBuffer solutions and how they resist pH changeCalculating the pH of a buffer solutionTitration curves, indicators and the pH of salt solutions
Isomerism
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewStructure and naming of aldehydes and ketonesBoiling points and solubility of carbonyl compoundsPreparation from primary and secondary alcoholsReaction with hydrogen cyanide and the nucleophilic addition mechanismRacemic mixtures from nucleophilic addition2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and the identification of carbonylsDistinguishing aldehydes from ketones, and reduction with lithal
Carboxylic Acids
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewEsters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingBoiling points and solubility of monoestersMaking esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesThe laboratory preparation of a liquid esterFats and oils as esters of glycerolTransesterification, biodiesel and margarineReactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols
Aromatic Chemistry
Spectroscopy and Chromatography
Topic overviewThe mass spectrum: molecular ion and base peakFragmentation and the formulae of fragment ionsHigh resolution mass spectrometryNuclear magnetic resonance and the TMS standardChemically equivalent hydrogens and chemical shiftIntegration curvesSpin–spin splitting and the n+1 ruleDeducing a structure from an nmr spectrumPaper and thin-layer chromatographyGas–liquid chromatography
Volumetric Analysis
Transition Metals
Topic overviewThe characteristic properties of the transition metalsElectronic configurations of the metals and their ionsComplexes, ligands and coordination numberOxidation number, redox and disproportionationMonodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligandsLigand strength and the entropy of ligand replacementLigand replacement in copper(II) complexesThe colours of the aqueous transition metal ionsHydroxide precipitates with sodium hydroxidePrecipitates with aqueous ammonia and their dissolutionVanadium and the interconversion of its oxidation states
Electrode Potentials
Amines
Amides and Polymers
Amino Acids and Proteins
Amino Acids and Proteins
- 8 subtopics
- 24 things to know
- Unit A2 2
What Amino Acids and Proteins covers
Amino Acids and Proteins is examined in Unit A2 2, Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry. It covers the structure of amino acids, optical activity, zwitterions and physical properties, reactions of amino acids, Peptides and protein structure, enzymes as catalysts, temperature, pH and enzyme activity and enzymes in analysis and industry.
Where it is assessed
Unit A2 2
Analytical, Transition Metals, Electrochemistry and Organic Nitrogen Chemistry, and again in Unit A2 3, Further Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 8 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The structure of amino acidsΑ-amino acid, R group of glycine and R group of alanine.Open →
- Optical activityOptical activity, pair of enantiomers and plane-polarised light.Open →
- Zwitterions and physical propertiesRecall questions on what a zwitterion is and how an amino acid forms one, the zwitterion of glycine, the forms taken in strongly acidic and strongly alkaline solution, the isoelectric point and why it differs between amino acids, the high melting temperatures and solubility in water, and why an amino acid can act as a buffer.Open →
- Reactions of amino acidsObserved when an amino acid is added to sodium carbonate and observed when an amino acid is treated with nitrous acid.Open →
- Peptides and protein structurePeptide link, primary structure of a protein and secondary structure of a protein.Open →
- Enzymes as catalystsMolecule is an enzyme, active site and induced fit model.Open →
- Temperature, pH and enzyme activityOptimum temperature of an enzyme, optimum pH of an enzyme and two enzymes with very different optimum pH values.Open →
- Enzymes in analysis and industryAnalytical use of an enzyme, immobilised enzyme and balanced conclusion about enzymes as industrial catalysts.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
How does an amino acid react with sodium carbonate, and what happens when it meets copper(II) sulfate?
Key term
What functional groups does an amino acid contain?
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What is optical activity?
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What is a peptide link?
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What is an enzyme?
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What is the optimum temperature of an enzyme?
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Give an example of an analytical use of an enzyme.
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What is an α-amino acid?
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What is a pair of enantiomers?
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What is a zwitterion?
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What happens when an amino acid reacts with sodium carbonate?
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What is eliminated when a peptide link forms?
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What kind of molecule is an enzyme?
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What happens to the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction above the optimum temperature?
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What is an immobilised enzyme?
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What is the general formula of an α-amino acid?
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What structural feature gives rise to optical activity in an amino acid?
Process
How does an amino acid form a zwitterion?
Key term
Write the equation for the reaction of glycine with sodium carbonate
Key term
What is a dipeptide?
Key term
What effect does an enzyme's lowering of the activation energy have on the rate?
Key term
What is denaturation?
Evaluation
Give one disadvantage of immobilising an enzyme
Take Amino Acids and Proteins further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What functional groups does an amino acid contain?
Model answer
A carboxylic acid group and an amine group.
- 2
What is an α-amino acid?
Model answer
One in which the amine group is attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxylic acid group.
- 3
Give the formula of glycine.
Model answer
H₂NCH₂COOH.
- 4
Give the formula of alanine.
Model answer
CH₃CH(NH₂)COOH.
- 5
What is the general formula of an α-amino acid?
Model answer
RCH(NH₂)COOH, where R is the side chain.
- 6
What is the R group of glycine?
Model answer
A hydrogen atom.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Amino Acids and Proteins revision questions
- What does Amino Acids and Proteins cover in CCEA A-Level Chemistry?
- 8 subtopics: the structure of amino acids, optical activity, zwitterions and physical properties, reactions of amino acids, peptides and protein structure, enzymes as catalysts, temperature, ph and enzyme activity and enzymes in analysis and industry. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Amino Acids and Proteins organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Amino Acids and Proteins, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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