Key term
CCEA A-Level Chemistry 1110
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
Atomic Structure
Topic overviewProtons, neutrons and electronsAtomic number, mass number and the composition of ionsIsotopes and relative isotopic massRelative atomic, molecular and formula massMass spectra and relative atomic mass calculationsMass spectra of diatomic elementsElectronic configuration and the building up principleOrbitals, electron spin and orbital shapesThe s-, p-, d- and f-blocks of the Periodic TableIonisation energies and their equationsTrends in ionisation energy as evidence for shells and subshells
Bonding
Topic overviewIonic bonding and electron transferDot and cross diagrams for ionic compoundsCovalent bonding and the shared pairLone pairs and co-ordinate bondingDot and cross diagrams for covalent molecules and ionsThe octet rule and its limitationsElectronegativity and bond polarityMetallic bonding
Intermolecular Forces and Structure
Shapes of Molecules and Ions
Redox
The Halogens
Acid-Base Titrations
Qualitative Tests
Formulae and Amounts of a Substance
Nomenclature and Isomerism in Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Topic overviewAlkanes as saturated hydrocarbonsBoiling points of alkanes and van der Waals' forcesBoiling points of branched isomersComplete and incomplete combustion of alkanesPollutants from alkane fuels and the atmosphereCatalytic convertersRadicals, homolytic fission and heterolytic fissionFree radical substitution of alkanes
Alkenes
Topic overviewUnsaturated hydrocarbons and the bromine water testSigma and pi bonds in the carbon–carbon double bondElectron density at C=C, reactivity and catalytic hydrogenationAddition of chlorine and bromine to alkenesAddition of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromideElectrophiles, heterolytic fission and the addition mechanismCarbocation stability and Markovnikov additionAddition polymerisation of alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewClassification and boiling points of halogenoalkanesLaboratory preparation of a halogenoalkane from an alcoholNucleophiles and hydrolysis with aqueous alkaliReactions with ammonia and with potassium cyanideRelative rates of hydrolysis and carbon–halogen bond enthalpyElimination using ethanolic potassium hydroxideCFCs and the ozone layer
Alcohols
Infrared Spectroscopy
Energetics
Topic overviewExothermic and endothermic changesStandard conditions and the standard enthalpy changeEnthalpy level diagramsStandard enthalpies of combustion and formationStandard enthalpy of neutralisationMeasuring enthalpy changes by experimentEnthalpy calculations using q = mcΔTHess's Law and enthalpy cyclesIndirect enthalpy calculations using Hess's LawAverage bond enthalpies and their limitations
Kinetics
Equilibrium
Group II Elements and Their Compounds
Topic overviews-block character and electronic configurationTrends in atomic radius and first ionisation energyReactions of the elements with oxygen, water and dilute acidsThe oxides and their reactions with water and dilute acidsThermal stability of the carbonates and hydroxidesUses of magnesium oxide, calcium carbonate and limeSolubility trends and solubility curves
Lattice Enthalpy, Entropy and Free Energy
Topic overviewLattice enthalpy and the factors that control itBorn–Haber cycles for Group I halidesBorn–Haber cycles for Group II halides and oxidesEnthalpy of hydration and enthalpy of solutionCalculations on dissolving ionic compoundsEntropy and the limits of enthalpy changeStandard entropy change calculationsFree energy and the temperature of feasibility
Rates of Reaction
Equilibrium and Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewEquilibrium concentrations from initial amountsKc expressions, values and unitsBrønsted–Lowry acids, bases and conjugate pairsKw, pH and the pH of strong acids and basesKa, pKa and the pH of weak acidsBuffer solutions and how they resist pH changeCalculating the pH of a buffer solutionTitration curves, indicators and the pH of salt solutions
Isomerism
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewStructure and naming of aldehydes and ketonesBoiling points and solubility of carbonyl compoundsPreparation from primary and secondary alcoholsReaction with hydrogen cyanide and the nucleophilic addition mechanismRacemic mixtures from nucleophilic addition2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and the identification of carbonylsDistinguishing aldehydes from ketones, and reduction with lithal
Carboxylic Acids
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewEsters and acyl chlorides: structure and namingBoiling points and solubility of monoestersMaking esters from alcohols with carboxylic acids or acyl chloridesThe laboratory preparation of a liquid esterFats and oils as esters of glycerolTransesterification, biodiesel and margarineReactions of acyl chlorides with water and alcohols
Aromatic Chemistry
Spectroscopy and Chromatography
Topic overviewThe mass spectrum: molecular ion and base peakFragmentation and the formulae of fragment ionsHigh resolution mass spectrometryNuclear magnetic resonance and the TMS standardChemically equivalent hydrogens and chemical shiftIntegration curvesSpin–spin splitting and the n+1 ruleDeducing a structure from an nmr spectrumPaper and thin-layer chromatographyGas–liquid chromatography
Volumetric Analysis
Transition Metals
Topic overviewThe characteristic properties of the transition metalsElectronic configurations of the metals and their ionsComplexes, ligands and coordination numberOxidation number, redox and disproportionationMonodentate, bidentate and polydentate ligandsLigand strength and the entropy of ligand replacementLigand replacement in copper(II) complexesThe colours of the aqueous transition metal ionsHydroxide precipitates with sodium hydroxidePrecipitates with aqueous ammonia and their dissolutionVanadium and the interconversion of its oxidation states
Electrode Potentials
Amines
Amides and Polymers
Amino Acids and Proteins
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance
- 5 subtopics
- 15 things to know
- Unit AS 1
What Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance covers
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance is examined in Unit AS 1, Basic Concepts in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, and drawn on again in Unit AS 3, Basic Practical Chemistry. It covers ionic charges and the formulae of compound ions, writing and balancing full and ionic equations, the mole, molar mass and Avogadro's constant, reacting masses and reactants in excess and hydrated salts and water of crystallisation.
Where it is assessed
Unit AS 1
Basic Concepts in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, and again in Unit AS 3, Basic Practical Chemistry.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 5 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Ionic charges and the formulae of compound ionsFormula of the sulfate ion and of the sulfite ion, formula of the hydrogensulfate ion and formulae of the nitrate and nitrite ions.Open →
- Writing and balancing full and ionic equationsFour state symbols and what each means, ionic equation and term spectator ion.Open →
- The mole, molar mass and Avogadro's constantAvogadro's constant and state its value and molar mass and give its unit.Open →
- Reacting masses and reactants in excessTerm limiting reactant and saying a reactant is in excess.Open →
- Hydrated salts and water of crystallisationTerm water of crystallisation, anhydrous compound and colour change seen when hydrated copper(II) sulfate is heated strongly.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
9.75 g of zinc reacts with 3.20 g of sulfur to form zinc sulfide. Which reactant is in excess?
Numbers
Hydrated magnesium sulfate is found to be 51.1% water by mass. Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallisation.
Key term
How is the charge on a simple ion predicted from the position of its element in the Periodic Table?
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What must be true of both sides of a correctly balanced chemical equation?
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State the formula of the sulfate ion and of the sulfite ion.
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Why can the formula of a compound never be altered to make an equation balance?
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Define the mole.
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Explain what a balanced equation tells a chemist about the amounts of substances reacting.
Key term
Define the term water of crystallisation.
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Give the formula of the thiosulfate ion.
Key term
State the four state symbols and what each means.
Key term
Define Avogadro's constant and state its value.
Process
Describe the three steps used to calculate a reacting mass from a given mass.
Key term
What is meant by an anhydrous compound?
Take Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How is the charge on a simple ion predicted from the position of its element in the Periodic Table?
Model answer
Elements in Groups I, II and III lose one, two or three electrons to form 1+, 2+ and 3+ ions, and elements in Groups V, VI and VII gain three, two or one electron to form 3−, 2− and 1− ions, in each case reaching a noble gas arrangement.
- 2
State the formula of the sulfate ion and of the sulfite ion.
Model answer
The sulfate ion is SO₄²⁻ and the sulfite ion is SO₃²⁻.
- 3
Give the formula of the thiosulfate ion.
Model answer
The thiosulfate ion is S₂O₃²⁻.
- 4
What is the formula of the hydrogensulfate ion?
Model answer
The hydrogensulfate ion is HSO₄⁻.
- 5
Give the formulae of the carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ions.
Model answer
The carbonate ion is CO₃²⁻ and the hydrogencarbonate ion is HCO₃⁻.
- 6
What are the formulae of the nitrate and nitrite ions?
Model answer
The nitrate ion is NO₃⁻ and the nitrite ion is NO₂⁻.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance revision questions
- What does Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance cover in CCEA A-Level Chemistry?
- 5 subtopics: ionic charges and the formulae of compound ions, writing and balancing full and ionic equations, the mole, molar mass and avogadro's constant, reacting masses and reactants in excess and hydrated salts and water of crystallisation. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance organised?
- By the CCEA 1110 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Formulae, Equations and Amounts of Substance, on a schedule.
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