Changing Spaces; Making Places

What Changing Spaces; Making Places covers

Changing Spaces; Making Places is examined in Component 02, Human interactions. It covers the characteristics that make up a place profile, contrasted in Chelsea and Blackpool; the past and present connections and shifting flows of people, resources, money and ideas that shape places; space, place and time-space compression; how people perceive and become attached to places; and how places are represented, informally in the media and the arts and formally in statistics. It also covers how social inequality is measured and how deindustrialisation, globalisation, recession and government policy shape it, with Sparkbrook and Sutton Coldfield in Birmingham as a contrast; the players who drive economic change, with the Ruhr as an example; and placemaking, place marketing, design and rebranding, with Salford Quays and MediaCityUK as a case study.

The 18 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

• The characteristics that shape a place profileRecall questions on what a place profile is, place identity and endogenous factors, the demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political, built and natural characteristics used to profile a place, housing tenure as an indicator, and why profiles differ between streets, date quickly and change when a large employer closes.Open →
• Contrasting place profiles: Chelsea and BlackpoolRecall questions on the demographic, built, socio-economic and political profiles of Chelsea and Blackpool, the Grenfell Tower fire, Blackpool's tourist decline and deprivation ranking, and how flows of people, investment, resources, ideas and technology have shaped each, from Lots Road and the King's Road to the Winter Gardens, Silicon Sands and the Multiversity.Open →
• Past and present connections, and the scales that embed a placeRecall questions on the connections of a place and exogenous factors, how past trade and empire still shape places such as Liverpool, how places are embedded at regional, national and international scales, remittances, transport links and commuter villages, and the loss of connections, as in Consett.Open →
• Shifting flows of people, resources, money and ideasRecall questions on the four flows that change places, commuting, internal, international and selective migration, the South Wales coalfield as a resource flow, technology and the knowledge economy, universities, transnational investment, European structural funding and the UK Shared Prosperity Fund, disinvestment, the multiplier effect, and flows of ideas.Open →
• Space, place and the effects of time-space compressionRecall questions on space and place, location, locale and sense of place, placelessness and clone towns, time-space compression and the innovations behind it, its uneven effects on people, a global sense of place, glocalisation, and why globalisation can strengthen local identity.Open →
• Perception, identity and emotional attachment to placeRecall questions on perception of place, insider and outsider perspectives, how age, gender, sexuality, religion, role and disability shape experience of place, the geography of fear, Belgrave Road in Leicester, topophilia and topophobia, and what strengthens or weakens attachment to place, including second homes.Open →
• Informal representations of place in media and the artsRecall questions on formal and informal representations of place, qualitative sources, television drama and screen tourism in Northern Ireland, music, painting, photography and literature, graffiti, murals and street art, blogs and social media, and the stigmatisation of places in the media.Open →
• Formal and statistical representations of placeRecall questions on the UK census, its measures and limitations, lower super output areas, geospatial data and its sources, geographical information systems, choropleth maps and the effect of area size, statistical versus qualitative sources, and geodemographic classifications.Open →
• Measuring social inequality and its spatial patternsRecall questions on social and income inequality, the seven domains of the English Index of Multiple Deprivation and their weighting, housing, health, education and employment indicators, access to services, the digital divide, the Gini coefficient, the cycle of deprivation, the inverse care law, and selective out-migration.Open →
• Deindustrialisation, globalisation and structural economic changeRecall questions on structural economic change and the employment sectors, the causes of UK deindustrialisation, the global shift, containerisation, falling manufacturing employment, its effects on coalfield communities and port cities, the rise of services, labour market polarisation, and the knowledge economy.Open →
• Recession, austerity and the government's role in inequalityRecall questions on recessions and the economic cycle, cyclical and structural change, the sectors and young workers hit hardest, labour market scarring, the uneven effects of the 2008 recession, government spending and the pupil premium, local funding cuts, postcode lotteries, right to buy, transport investment, and rural service rationalisation.Open →
• Living with inequality: Sparkbrook and Sutton ColdfieldRecall questions on how Sparkbrook and Sutton Coldfield in Birmingham differ in housing, environment, age structure, ethnicity, life expectancy, crime, digital access and mobility, how income, ethnicity, age and gender shape lived experience of inequality, and food deserts.Open →
• Players driving economic change at different scalesRecall questions on the players in place change, the powers of local and national government, enterprise zones, multinational corporations and Honda's closure in Swindon, international institutions and loan conditions, development corporations, universities and trade unions, and why players come into conflict.Open →
• The Ruhr: a region reshaped by structural economic changeRecall questions on the Ruhr in western Germany, its coal and steel economy, migration and pollution at its peak, the decline of mining and steel, the players and policies behind restructuring, diversification, the Zollverein colliery, the restoration of the Emscher, culture in its new identity, and the social outcome.Open →
• Placemaking and the marketing of places to investorsRecall questions on placemaking and inward investment, what place-marketing campaigns emphasise, Glasgow's Miles Better campaign, major events and place brands, freeports, combined authorities and local enterprise partnerships, the Northern Powerhouse, and why place marketing may be zero-sum or fail existing residents.Open →
• Design, mixed use and community-led placemakingRecall questions on authentic places and mixed-use development, busy streets that police themselves, the 24 hour city, night-time economies and night mayors, design features and 15 minute neighbourhoods, reclaiming streets from traffic, residents' associations, civic societies, social media, the Granby Four Streets in Liverpool, and community land trusts.Open →
• Rebranding through reimaging and regenerationRecall questions on rebranding, reimaging and regeneration, why places rebrand, sport, art, heritage, retail and food as strategies, the Bilbao effect, why strategies are combined, the players who fund them, contested rebranding and gentrification, and resistance in Brixton and Shoreditch.Open →
• Salford Quays: from docks to MediaCityUKRecall questions on the Manchester Docks and why they closed, the derelict site and why Salford needed to rebrand, the council purchase and water quality work, The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum North, MediaCityUK and the BBC, the players and Metrolink, changing perceptions, and the successes and criticisms of the scheme.Open →

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Take Changing Spaces; Making Places further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

• Space vs Place

  Space: a location defined only by its coordinates and measurable dimensions, carrying no meaning of its own. Place: a location that people have invested with meaning, memory and identity by living in it and using it.

• Endogenous factors vs Exogenous factors

  Endogenous factors: characteristics that originate within a locality itself, such as its site, topography, land use, building age and resident population. Exogenous factors: influences arising from a locality’s relationships with elsewhere, such as flows of people, money, investment and ideas.

• Structural economic change vs Cyclical economic change

  Structural economic change: a long-term, permanent shift in the balance of a local economy between the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors. Cyclical economic change: the short-term rise and fall of activity around a trend, through boom and recession, from which an area recovers.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1. 1

   What is meant by a place profile?

   Model answer

   A place profile is a summary of a place's measurable and perceived characteristics — its people, economy, culture, politics, buildings and physical setting — used to describe its identity at a given time.

2. 2

   Define the term place identity.

   Model answer

   Place identity is the distinctive character of a place that arises from the combination of its physical setting, its population, its economy, its culture and its history.

3. 3

   What are endogenous factors?

   Model answer

   Endogenous factors are characteristics that originate within a place itself, such as its site, topography, land use, building age and resident population.

4. 4

   Which demographic characteristics would you record when profiling a place?

   Model answer

   Population size and density, age and sex structure, ethnicity, country of birth, household size and the rate of population turnover.

5. 5

   Give three indicators of the socio-economic character of a place.

   Model answer

   Occupational structure, average household income and housing tenure.

6. 6

   How does housing tenure reveal the socio-economic character of a place?

   Model answer

   A high share of owner-occupation usually indicates a more affluent and settled population, whereas concentrations of social renting or houses in multiple occupation point to lower incomes and high turnover.

What is inside Levo

Six ways to work the same material.

Changing Spaces; Making Places revision questions

What does Changing Spaces; Making Places cover in OCR A-Level Geography?

18 subtopics: the characteristics that shape a place profile, contrasting place profiles: chelsea and blackpool, past and present connections, and the scales that embed a place, shifting flows of people, resources, money and ideas, space, place and the effects of time-space compression, perception, identity and emotional attachment to place, informal representations of place in media and the arts, formal and statistical representations of place, measuring social inequality and its spatial patterns, deindustrialisation, globalisation and structural economic change, recession, austerity and the government's role in inequality, living with inequality: sparkbrook and sutton coldfield, players driving economic change at different scales, the ruhr: a region reshaped by structural economic change, placemaking and the marketing of places to investors, design, mixed use and community-led placemaking, rebranding through reimaging and regeneration and salford quays: from docks to mediacityuk. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.

How is Changing Spaces; Making Places organised?

By the OCR H481 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.