Key term
WJEC AS-Level History 601-5817-7
Government, Rebellion and Society in Wales and England c.1485-1603Period study
Topic overviewHenry VII and the establishment of the Tudor dynastyThe revolution in government under Henry VIIIWolsey, Cromwell and Cecil as chief ministersElizabeth, the privy council and ParliamentThe Henrician ReformationReligion under Edward VI and Mary IThe Elizabethan Church SettlementThe Pilgrimage of Grace and the Tudor rebellionsTrade, industry and the growth of townsThe rise of the gentry and social changePoverty, vagrancy and the poor lawsThe Acts of Union and the government of WalesReligion, the Welsh Bible and Welsh identity
Government, Revolution and Society in Wales and England c.1603-1715Period study
Topic overviewJames I and the Stuart accessionCharles I and the drift to conflictThe causes and course of the Civil WarRegicide and the experiment in republicThe Restoration of 1660Charles II, Parliament and the succession crisisJames II and the Glorious RevolutionThe Revolution Settlement and party politics
Politics, Protest and Reform in Wales and England c.1780-1880Period study
Topic overviewThe unreformed electoral system and early demands for reformThe French Revolution, British radicalism and repression 1789-1812Radical discontent and Lord Liverpool's governments 1812-1822The Liberal Tory reforms 1822-1830The Reform Act crisis and the Great Reform Act of 1832The Merthyr Rising of 1831Rural protest: the Swing riots and the Rebecca riotsChartism in Wales and EnglandThe motives for social reform and the new Poor LawFactory, mines, public health and education reform 1833-1848Peel, the Anti-Corn Law League and the repeal of the Corn LawsThe Liberal party, Gladstone and Disraeli 1859-1880
Politics, People and Progress: Wales and England c.1880-1980Period study
Topic overviewThe Liberal welfare reforms 1906-1914Economic problems and responses in the 1920s and 1930sThe Labour governments of 1945-1951The changing fortunes of the Liberal PartyThe Conservative Party and coalition governmentThe growth of the Labour PartyThe impact of the Boer War and the First World WarThe social and economic impact of the Second World WarThe changing economy, work and employment 1918-1980The Welsh language, culture and demands for political changeSocial, religious and cultural change 1918-1980The campaign for women's suffrage before 1918Women, the franchise and changing status 1918-1980
Political and Religious Change in Europe c.1500-1598Period study
Topic overviewThe Catholic Church in the early sixteenth centuryExploration, the New World and its impact on EuropeThe growing power of the nation statesRenaissance culture and humanismLuther and the challenge to RomeThe spread of Lutheranism: printing, towns and social pressuresFrom the Schmalkaldic League to the Peace of AugsburgThe Counter-Reformation and the Council of TrentFrancis I and the French monarchyHabsburg-Valois rivalryCharles V and the government of the Holy Roman EmpirePhilip II: finance, government and foreign policySuleiman the Magnificent and Ottoman expansionThe Christian reaction and the battle of Lepanto
Europe in the Age of Absolutism and Revolution c.1682-1815Period study
Topic overviewPeter the Great's reform of government and societyThe Church, the economy and the armed forces under Peter the GreatWesternisation and the building of St PetersburgThe Great Northern War and Peter the Great's foreign policyFrederick the Great's accession and the Prussian inheritanceFrederick the Great's domestic reformsFrederick the Great as an enlightened despotFrance under Louis XV and the ancien régimeThe structure of the French state: crown, finance and ChurchLouis XVI and the causes of the French RevolutionThe Baltic and the Great Powers after the Great Northern WarThe War of the Austrian Succession and the Diplomatic RevolutionThe Seven Years WarThe Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the balance of power
Revolution and New Ideas in Europe c.1780-1881Period study
Topic overviewThe Napoleonic wars, the Vienna settlement and the Congress SystemThe revolutions of 1830 and 1848The Eastern Question and the Crimean WarItalian nationalism after 1815 and the revolutions of 1848Cavour, Napoleon III and the war of 1859Garibaldi, the Thousand and the completion of Italian unityGerman nationalism, the Zollverein and the revolutions of 1848Bismarck, Prussia and the wars of 1864 and 1866The Franco-Prussian War and the German EmpireNapoleon III: 1848, the coup d'état and the Second EmpireThe policies and collapse of the Second EmpireNicholas I and Russia 1825-1855Alexander II and the emancipation of the serfsThe great reforms and the growth of opposition to 1881
Europe in an Age of Conflict and Co-Operation c.1890-1991Period study
Topic overviewAlliances, ententes and the causes of the First World WarReconciliation and rivalry 1918-1929The League of Nations and the road to the Second World WarLiberal Italy in crisis and the rise of MussoliniFascist Italy: domestic policies, opposition and resistanceThe Weimar Republic and its problems 1918-1933The Nazi seizure and consolidation of powerNazi domestic policies, opposition and resistance to 1945The 1905 revolution and the fall of tsarismThe Bolshevik revolution, civil war and consolidation to 1924Stalin's transformation of the Soviet Union to 1945The post-war division of Europe and the origins of the Cold WarThe drive for European economic co-operation and integrationCo-existence, détente and the end of the Cold War
The Mid Tudor Crisis in Wales and England c.1529-1570Depth study
Topic overviewLawlessness in Wales and the Council in the MarchesThe Acts of Union 1536 and 1543The King's Great Matter and the royal supremacyThomas Cromwell and the dissolution of the monasteriesOpposition to religious change and the Pilgrimage of GraceEdward VI's minority: Somerset, Northumberland and factionThe Edwardian Prayer Books and Acts of UniformityThe rebellions of 1549 and the response of authorityMary Tudor's accession, marriage and the Wyatt rebellionCatholic restoration and persecution under MarySociety, the economy and the Welsh gentry after the Acts of UnionThe Elizabethan Church Settlement and the Welsh ScripturesPuritanism and the Catholic threat to 1570
Royalty, Rebellion and Republic c.1625-1660Depth study
Topic overviewThe legacy of James I and the character of Charles IParliament, war and the Petition of Right 1625-1629The ministers and methods of Personal RuleThe finances of Personal Rule and Ship MoneyLaud, Arminianism and Puritan oppositionScotland, the Bishops' Wars and the recall of ParliamentThe Long Parliament and the attack on Personal RuleIreland, the Grand Remonstrance and the outbreak of warWales and the Welsh in the Civil WarLeadership, the New Model Army and the defeat of the KingThe failure of settlement, the Second Civil War and the regicideRadicalism, religious dissent and the reaction in WalesThe republic, the Protectorate and the rule of the Major-GeneralsThe collapse of the republic and the Restoration
Reform and Protest in Wales and England c.1783-1848Depth study
Topic overviewPitt, the French Revolution and the corresponding societiesPopular protest from Luddism to PeterlooLord Liverpool's government and the Six ActsThe Liberal Tory reforms 1822-1830The unreformed electoral system and the pressure for reformThe Merthyr rising, Captain Swing and the Reform Bill crisisThe Great Reform Act of 1832The Whig reforms 1833-1841The New Poor Law and the opposition to itChartism in Wales and EnglandThe Rebecca riots and rural WalesPeel, the Conservative party and the repeal of the Corn LawsSocial reform, Shaftesbury and public health
Politics and Society in Wales and England c.1900-1939Depth study
Topic overviewPopulation change and the surveys of Booth and RowntreeConservative government to 1905 and the 1906 electionThe Liberal welfare reforms 1906-1914The People's Budget and the Parliament Act 1911Heavy industry, agriculture and the Welsh economy before 1914Industrial unrest in Wales: the Penrhyn lockout, Tonypandy and LlanelliTrade unions and the rise of the Labour PartyWomen, the vote and war workReligion, education and Welsh cultureWales and the Great War: voluntarism, conscription and the home frontIndustrial decline, the coal disputes and the General Strike of 1926The Depression in Wales: unemployment, migration and government responsePolitics between the wars: from the Lloyd George coalition to the National GovernmentSociety, leisure and popular culture between the wars
The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564Depth study
Topic overviewThe Church in Europe in 1500: power, wealth and daily lifeCriticism of the Church: anticlericalism, heresy and the humanistsIndulgences, Tetzel and the Ninety-Five ThesesFrom Leipzig to Worms: Luther's break with RomeThe development of Lutheran doctrineThe Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' WarZwingli, the radicals and division among the reformersPrinting, princes and cities: the spread of LutheranismThe Augsburg Confession and the Schmalkaldic LeagueCharles V, the Schmalkaldic War and the Peace of AugsburgAnabaptism and the Münster rebellionJohn Calvin, Geneva and the spread of CalvinismThe Catholic revival: Paul III, the Inquisition and the Council of TrentLoyola, the Jesuits and the reforming orders
France in Revolution c.1774-1815Depth study
Topic overviewThe three estates: privilege and burden under the Ancien RégimeGovernment, finance and the ideas of the philosophesTurgot, Necker and Calonne: the failure of reformThe Assembly of Notables, the cahiers and the Estates General1789: the National Assembly, the Bastille and the Great FearThe October Days and the reforms of the National AssemblyThe Church, refractory priests and the Constitution of 1791Varennes, the Legislative Assembly and the coming of warThe fall of the monarchy and the September MassacresThe Convention, the execution of Louis and the VendéeThe Terror: government, Robespierre and the factionsThermidor, the Directory and the rise of BonaparteNapoleon's reforms as Consul and EmperorWar, the Continental System and the fall of Napoleon
The Crisis of the American Republic c.1840-1877Depth study
Topic overviewNorth and South: two societies by 1840The institution of slavery in the SouthManifest Destiny, the Mexican War and the Wilmot ProvisoThe Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave LawAbolitionism: Garrison, Stowe and John BrownThe Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding KansasThe Republican party and the Dred Scott decisionLincoln and the Lincoln-Douglas debatesHarpers Ferry, the election of 1860 and secessionThe resources, commanders and strategy of North and SouthCampaigns, the home fronts and the defeat of the SouthLincoln's war presidency and emancipationJohnson, Congress and the Reconstruction amendmentsRadical Reconstruction, the Klan and Redemption
Germany: Democracy and Dictatorship c.1918-1945Depth study
Topic overviewThe revolution of 1918 and the Weimar ConstitutionThe Treaty of Versailles and its impact on GermanyThe Spartacists, the Kapp Putsch and the threats to the republicReparations, the Ruhr and the hyperinflation of 1923The early Nazi party and the Munich PutschStresemann, the Dawes and Young Plans and LocarnoThe Nazi party 1924-1932 and the growth of its supportThe Depression and the collapse of parliamentary governmentHitler's consolidation of power 1933-1934Propaganda, terror and the extent of Nazi controlNazi racial policy and the persecution of the JewsYoung people, women, workers and the churches under the NazisThe Nazi economy: recovery, rearmament and total warNazi foreign policy and the Second World War
The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564
- 14 subtopics
- 42 things to know
- AS Unit 2 and A2 Unit 4
- Units 2 and 4, one depth study of eight, taken in two halves
What The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 covers
The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 is examined in Units 2 and 4, the depth study — one of eight options, taken in two halves across the course. It covers the Church in Europe in 1500: power, wealth and daily life, criticism of the Church: anticlericalism, heresy and the humanists, indulgences, Tetzel and the Ninety-Five Theses, from Leipzig to Worms: Luther's break with Rome, the development of Lutheran doctrine, the Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' War, Zwingli, the radicals and division among the reformers, printing, princes and cities: the spread of Lutheranism, the Augsburg Confession and the Schmalkaldic League, Charles V, the Schmalkaldic War and the Peace of Augsburg, Anabaptism and the Münster rebellion, John Calvin, Geneva and the spread of Calvinism, the Catholic revival: Paul III, the Inquisition and the Council of Trent and Loyola, the Jesuits and the reforming orders.
Where it is assessed
AS Unit 2 and A2 Unit 4
The depth study, one option of eight, taken in two halves across the course.
Check the WJEC specification ↗The 14 subtopics
Each one has its own page. WJEC AS History students sit this topic in the first year.
- The Church in Europe in 1500: power, wealth and daily lifeSeven sacraments of the late medieval Church, treasury of merit and significance of the prince-bishops of the Empire.Open →
- Criticism of the Church: anticlericalism, heresy and the humanistsPluralism and absenteeism, nepotism as practised by the Renaissance papacy and three grievances that fuelled anticlericalism among the laity.Open →
- Indulgences, Tetzel and the Ninety-Five ThesesAlbrecht of Brandenburg's personal interest in the indulgence, jingle associated with Tetzel's preaching and spiritual crisis Luther experienced as a young friar.Open →
- From Leipzig to Worms: Luther's break with RomeDoctrine of the priesthood of all believers, argument of On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church and exsurge Domine.Open →
- The development of Lutheran doctrineDoctrine of justification by faith alone, principle of scripture alone and two ways Luther changed public worship.Open →
- The Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' WarTwelve Articles of Memmingen and four demands made in the Twelve Articles.Open →
- Zwingli, the radicals and division among the reformersAffair of the sausages, three practices abolished in Zurich under Zwingli and marburg Colloquy.Open →
- Printing, princes and cities: the spread of LutheranismRecall questions on the pamphlet and the vernacular Bible, why the imperial cities converted early, the material and political gains for a prince, and the pace at which the movement spread.Open →
- The Augsburg Confession and the Schmalkaldic LeagueTone and purpose of the Augsburg Confession, three abuses the Augsburg Confession asked to have corrected and schmalkaldic League.Open →
- Charles V, the Schmalkaldic War and the Peace of AugsburgSchmalkaldic War, augsburg Interim and ecclesiastical reservation in the Peace of Augsburg.Open →
- Anabaptism and the Münster rebellionTwo of the earliest Swiss Anabaptist leaders, schleitheim Confession and two leaders of the Münster kingdom.Open →
- John Calvin, Geneva and the spread of CalvinismInstitutes of the Christian Religion, calvin's doctrine of predestination and servetus affair.Open →
- The Catholic revival: Paul III, the Inquisition and the Council of TrentRoman Inquisition, index of Prohibited Books and three Catholic doctrines that Trent reaffirmed against the reformers.Open →
- Loyola, the Jesuits and the reforming ordersSpiritual Exercises, three main activities through which the Jesuits worked and purpose of the Ursulines.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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Why is Paul III regarded as the first reforming pope of the century?
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Which pope earned the nickname the warrior pope, and why?
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Define simony.
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Define an indulgence.
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How did Luther's view of good works differ from the Catholic view?
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Who led the Knights' Revolt, and whom did they attack?
Numbers
What was the affair of the sausages?
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What was a Flugschrift?
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Who wrote the Augsburg Confession, and why was Luther not the author?
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What territories did Charles V rule?
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Where and when did the first adult rebaptisms take place?
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Why did Calvin leave France?
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What are the Spiritual Exercises?
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Name the seven sacraments of the late medieval Church.
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Define pluralism and absenteeism, and explain how they were connected.
Numbers
How had the sale of indulgences developed by 1500?
Who and when
Who was Johann Eck?
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How did Luther explain the presence of Christ in the eucharist?
Numbers
How did the Knights' Revolt end?
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Name three practices abolished in Zurich under Zwingli.
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What use was made of woodcut illustration?
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Name three abuses the Augsburg Confession asked to have corrected.
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Why did the sheer extent of Charles V's inheritance weaken him in Germany?
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Name two of the earliest Swiss Anabaptist leaders.
Numbers
What is the Institutes of the Christian Religion?
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Distinguish the Catholic Reformation from the Counter-Reformation.
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What vow distinguished the Jesuits from other orders?
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Define transubstantiation.
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What was nepotism as practised by the Renaissance papacy?
Who and when
Who was Johann Tetzel?
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What was Exsurge Domine?
Who and when
What did Luther do in 1525 that dramatised his rejection of clerical celibacy?
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Give three long-term grievances behind the Peasants' War.
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Why did the eucharist become the great dividing question among Protestants?
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Why did Luther's German Bible matter beyond religion?
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Name the two leading princes of the Schmalkaldic League.
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Why were the Emperor's relations with the papacy often difficult?
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How did Zurich punish Felix Manz?
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Why was Calvin expelled from Geneva in 1538?
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Give one example of Catholic reform under way before Luther.
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Name the three main activities through which the Jesuits worked.
Take The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Catholic Reformation vs Counter-Reformation
Catholic Reformation: the movements for spiritual renewal inside the old Church that had begun before Luther, such as the Oratory of Divine Love and the Theatines. Counter-Reformation: the old Church's organised response to Protestantism, in the Roman Inquisition, the Index of Prohibited Books, the Jesuits and the Council of Trent.
Diet of Speyer 1526 vs Diet of Speyer 1529
Diet of Speyer 1526: the imperial assembly which agreed that, until a general council met, each ruler should act in religion as he could answer for it to God and the Emperor. Diet of Speyer 1529: the imperial assembly at which the Catholic majority revoked the rulers' freedom in religion and reimposed the Edict of Worms, provoking the formal protest of the reforming princes and cities.
Thomas Müntzer vs Martin Luther
Thomas Müntzer: the radical preacher who taught that the godless should be swept away by the elect, led peasant forces in Thuringia, and was destroyed at Frankenhausen in 1525. Martin Luther: the Wittenberg reformer who, once the risings spread, urged the princes to stab, smite and slay the rebellious peasants.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Explain why the Pope was a secular ruler as well as a spiritual one.
Model answer
He governed the Papal States across central Italy, kept armies and diplomats, and took part in Italian politics like any other prince.
- 2
Which pope earned the nickname the warrior pope, and why?
Model answer
Julius II, who personally led armies in the field to recover and enlarge the territory of the Papal States.
- 3
Name the seven sacraments of the late medieval Church.
Model answer
Baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, penance, extreme unction, holy orders and matrimony.
- 4
Define transubstantiation.
Model answer
The doctrine that in the mass the substance of the bread and wine is changed into the body and blood of Christ, though their outward appearance remains.
- 5
What was purgatory, and why did belief in it shape so much religious practice?
Model answer
A place of temporary punishment where souls were cleansed before entering heaven, and because time there could be shortened it drove the whole industry of masses, prayers, bequests and indulgences.
- 6
Explain the treasury of merit.
Model answer
The belief that the surplus merits of Christ and the saints formed a store on which the Church could draw to remit the penalties owed by sinners.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 revision questions
- Is The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 examined at AS in WJEC History?
- Yes. It sits in AS Unit 2 and A2 Unit 4, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
- What does The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 cover in WJEC AS-Level History?
- 14 subtopics: the church in europe in 1500: power, wealth and daily life, criticism of the church: anticlericalism, heresy and the humanists, indulgences, tetzel and the ninety-five theses, from leipzig to worms: luther's break with rome, the development of lutheran doctrine, the knights' revolt and the peasants' war, zwingli, the radicals and division among the reformers, printing, princes and cities: the spread of lutheranism, the augsburg confession and the schmalkaldic league, charles v, the schmalkaldic war and the peace of augsburg, anabaptism and the münster rebellion, john calvin, geneva and the spread of calvinism, the catholic revival: paul iii, the inquisition and the council of trent and loyola, the jesuits and the reforming orders. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564 organised?
- By the WJEC 601-5817-7 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
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