Who won the presidential election of 1868, and what did the result show?

Ulysses S. Grant won comfortably in the electoral college, but his margin in the popular vote was narrow enough to convince Republicans that they needed the Black southern vote secured by amendment.

What does the Fifteenth Amendment provide?

That the right to vote may not be denied on grounds of race, colour or previous condition of servitude; it was ratified in 1870.

What did the Reconstruction state governments achieve?

They wrote more democratic constitutions, founded the South's first public school systems, rebuilt railways and courts, and brought Black men into office at every level, including two United States senators from Mississippi.

How did the Ku Klux Klan operate, and how was it checked?

Founded in Tennessee in 1866, it used night-riding, whipping and murder to terrorise Black voters, teachers and Republican officials; Congress replied with the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and federal prosecutions broke its organised power for a time.

Define sharecropping and explain why it spread.

Freedmen worked a portion of a landowner's land for a share of the crop, an arrangement that suited planters with land but no cash and freedmen who refused gang labour, but which combined with the crop-lien system to leave families in permanent debt.

WJEC A-Level History 601-5817-7

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Topic overview Lawlessness in Wales and the Council in the Marches The Acts of Union 1536 and 1543 The King's Great Matter and the royal supremacy Thomas Cromwell and the dissolution of the monasteries Opposition to religious change and the Pilgrimage of Grace Edward VI's minority: Somerset, Northumberland and faction The Edwardian Prayer Books and Acts of Uniformity The rebellions of 1549 and the response of authority Mary Tudor's accession, marriage and the Wyatt rebellion Catholic restoration and persecution under Mary Society, the economy and the Welsh gentry after the Acts of Union The Elizabethan Church Settlement and the Welsh Scriptures Puritanism and the Catholic threat to 1570

Royalty, Rebellion and Republic c.1625-1660Depth study

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Politics and Society in Wales and England c.1900-1939Depth study

Topic overview Population change and the surveys of Booth and Rowntree Conservative government to 1905 and the 1906 election The Liberal welfare reforms 1906-1914 The People's Budget and the Parliament Act 1911 Heavy industry, agriculture and the Welsh economy before 1914 Industrial unrest in Wales: the Penrhyn lockout, Tonypandy and Llanelli Trade unions and the rise of the Labour Party Women, the vote and war work Religion, education and Welsh culture Wales and the Great War: voluntarism, conscription and the home front Industrial decline, the coal disputes and the General Strike of 1926 The Depression in Wales: unemployment, migration and government response Politics between the wars: from the Lloyd George coalition to the National Government Society, leisure and popular culture between the wars

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Topic overview The Church in Europe in 1500: power, wealth and daily life Criticism of the Church: anticlericalism, heresy and the humanists Indulgences, Tetzel and the Ninety-Five Theses From Leipzig to Worms: Luther's break with Rome The development of Lutheran doctrine The Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' War Zwingli, the radicals and division among the reformers Printing, princes and cities: the spread of Lutheranism The Augsburg Confession and the Schmalkaldic League Charles V, the Schmalkaldic War and the Peace of Augsburg Anabaptism and the Münster rebellion John Calvin, Geneva and the spread of Calvinism The Catholic revival: Paul III, the Inquisition and the Council of Trent Loyola, the Jesuits and the reforming orders

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Topic overview The three estates: privilege and burden under the Ancien Régime Government, finance and the ideas of the philosophes Turgot, Necker and Calonne: the failure of reform The Assembly of Notables, the cahiers and the Estates General 1789: the National Assembly, the Bastille and the Great Fear The October Days and the reforms of the National Assembly The Church, refractory priests and the Constitution of 1791 Varennes, the Legislative Assembly and the coming of war The fall of the monarchy and the September Massacres The Convention, the execution of Louis and the Vendée The Terror: government, Robespierre and the factions Thermidor, the Directory and the rise of Bonaparte Napoleon's reforms as Consul and Emperor War, the Continental System and the fall of Napoleon

The Crisis of the American Republic c.1840-1877Depth study

Topic overview North and South: two societies by 1840 The institution of slavery in the South Manifest Destiny, the Mexican War and the Wilmot Proviso The Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law Abolitionism: Garrison, Stowe and John Brown The Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas The Republican party and the Dred Scott decision Lincoln and the Lincoln-Douglas debates Harpers Ferry, the election of 1860 and secession The resources, commanders and strategy of North and South Campaigns, the home fronts and the defeat of the South Lincoln's war presidency and emancipation Johnson, Congress and the Reconstruction amendments Radical Reconstruction, the Klan and Redemption

Germany: Democracy and Dictatorship c.1918-1945Depth study

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Topic overview Welsh law and the legal system of the princes Society, the rural economy and the Church before 1282 The princes of Gwynedd and the road to 1282 The Edwardian conquest and settlement Resistance and rebellion 1294 to 1345 The Black Death and economic change in Wales Owain Glyndŵr and the revolt of 1400 Change and continuity in Wales 1240 to 1415

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Reformation and Discovery: Europe c.1492-1610Breadth study

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Royalty, Revolution and Restoration in Wales and England c.1603-1715Breadth study

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Parliamentary Reform and Protest in Wales and England c.1780-1885Breadth study

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Social Change and Reform in Wales and England c.1890-1990Breadth study

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The American Century c.1890-1990Breadth study

Topic overview Jim Crow and the erosion of Black freedom Civil rights from the New Deal to Truman Brown, Montgomery and non-violent protest King, Washington and the civil rights acts Black Power, the riots and the aftermath Civil rights after 1968 and the new South American imperialism and the road to world power Isolationism, the Second World War and the Cold War Détente, Reagan and the end of the Cold War

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Changing Leadership and Society in Russia c.1881-1989Breadth study

Topic overview Alexander III and political reaction Opposition to Tsarism before 1914 The 1905 Revolution and the Duma 1917: from February to October Consolidating the Bolshevik revolution to 1924 Stalin's rise and the nature of Soviet government The planned economy: collectivisation and the Five Year Plans Russia and its people before 1914 Khrushchev, de-Stalinisation and reform Brezhnev, Andropov and stagnation Gorbachev, glasnost and perestroika Change and continuity in Russia 1881 to 1989

The Crisis of the American Republic c.1840-1877

Radical Reconstruction, the Klan and Redemption

3 things to know
AS Unit 2 and A2 Unit 4

Overview

Terms carpetbagger and scalawag and sharecropping and explain why it spread.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

Why had Radical Reconstruction collapsed by 1877?

Key term

How have historians differed over Reconstruction?

Key term

Define the terms carpetbagger and scalawag.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Who won the presidential election of 1868, and what did the result show?
Model answer
Ulysses S. Grant won comfortably in the electoral college, but his margin in the popular vote was narrow enough to convince Republicans that they needed the Black southern vote secured by amendment.
2
What does the Fifteenth Amendment provide?
Model answer
That the right to vote may not be denied on grounds of race, colour or previous condition of servitude; it was ratified in 1870.
3
Define the terms carpetbagger and scalawag.
Model answer
Carpetbaggers were northerners who came south after the war and entered politics there; scalawags were white southerners who cooperated with the Republican governments. Both terms were insults coined by their opponents.
4
What did the Reconstruction state governments achieve?
Model answer
They wrote more democratic constitutions, founded the South's first public school systems, rebuilt railways and courts, and brought Black men into office at every level, including two United States senators from Mississippi.
5
How did the Ku Klux Klan operate, and how was it checked?
Model answer
Founded in Tennessee in 1866, it used night-riding, whipping and murder to terrorise Black voters, teachers and Republican officials; Congress replied with the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and federal prosecutions broke its organised power for a time.
6
Define sharecropping and explain why it spread.
Model answer
Freedmen worked a portion of a landowner's land for a share of the crop, an arrangement that suited planters with land but no cash and freedmen who refused gang labour, but which combined with the crop-lien system to leave families in permanent debt.

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Government, Rebellion and Society in Wales and England c.1485-1603

Government, Revolution and Society in Wales and England c.1603-1715

Politics, Protest and Reform in Wales and England c.1780-1880

Politics, People and Progress: Wales and England c.1880-1980

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