When did Cavour become prime minister of Piedmont, and by what political arrangement?

In 1852, after the connubio, an alliance of centre-right and centre-left deputies that gave him a working majority independent of the extremes.

How did Cavour modernise Piedmont's economy?

By free trade treaties, heavy investment in railways, ports and banking, and reform of the tax system, so that Piedmont became the most advanced state in Italy.

Why did Cavour clash with the Church?

The Siccardi laws ended clerical courts and privileges and monastic houses were suppressed, which established the lay authority of the state and drew papal condemnation.

Why did Cavour send Piedmontese troops to the Crimea in 1855?

To earn the gratitude of Britain and France and a seat at the peace table, where Italian grievances against Austria could be aired before the powers.

What was agreed at Plombières in 1858?

France would help Piedmont expel Austria from Italy if Austria could be made to appear the aggressor, in return for Nice and Savoy, with Italy reorganised as a federation of enlarged states.

WJEC A-Level History 601-5817-7

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Europe in an Age of Conflict and Co-Operation c.1890-1991Period study

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The Mid Tudor Crisis in Wales and England c.1529-1570Depth study

Topic overview Lawlessness in Wales and the Council in the Marches The Acts of Union 1536 and 1543 The King's Great Matter and the royal supremacy Thomas Cromwell and the dissolution of the monasteries Opposition to religious change and the Pilgrimage of Grace Edward VI's minority: Somerset, Northumberland and faction The Edwardian Prayer Books and Acts of Uniformity The rebellions of 1549 and the response of authority Mary Tudor's accession, marriage and the Wyatt rebellion Catholic restoration and persecution under Mary Society, the economy and the Welsh gentry after the Acts of Union The Elizabethan Church Settlement and the Welsh Scriptures Puritanism and the Catholic threat to 1570

Royalty, Rebellion and Republic c.1625-1660Depth study

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Reform and Protest in Wales and England c.1783-1848Depth study

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Politics and Society in Wales and England c.1900-1939Depth study

Topic overview Population change and the surveys of Booth and Rowntree Conservative government to 1905 and the 1906 election The Liberal welfare reforms 1906-1914 The People's Budget and the Parliament Act 1911 Heavy industry, agriculture and the Welsh economy before 1914 Industrial unrest in Wales: the Penrhyn lockout, Tonypandy and Llanelli Trade unions and the rise of the Labour Party Women, the vote and war work Religion, education and Welsh culture Wales and the Great War: voluntarism, conscription and the home front Industrial decline, the coal disputes and the General Strike of 1926 The Depression in Wales: unemployment, migration and government response Politics between the wars: from the Lloyd George coalition to the National Government Society, leisure and popular culture between the wars

The Religious Reformation in Europe c.1500-1564Depth study

Topic overview The Church in Europe in 1500: power, wealth and daily life Criticism of the Church: anticlericalism, heresy and the humanists Indulgences, Tetzel and the Ninety-Five Theses From Leipzig to Worms: Luther's break with Rome The development of Lutheran doctrine The Knights' Revolt and the Peasants' War Zwingli, the radicals and division among the reformers Printing, princes and cities: the spread of Lutheranism The Augsburg Confession and the Schmalkaldic League Charles V, the Schmalkaldic War and the Peace of Augsburg Anabaptism and the Münster rebellion John Calvin, Geneva and the spread of Calvinism The Catholic revival: Paul III, the Inquisition and the Council of Trent Loyola, the Jesuits and the reforming orders

France in Revolution c.1774-1815Depth study

Topic overview The three estates: privilege and burden under the Ancien Régime Government, finance and the ideas of the philosophes Turgot, Necker and Calonne: the failure of reform The Assembly of Notables, the cahiers and the Estates General 1789: the National Assembly, the Bastille and the Great Fear The October Days and the reforms of the National Assembly The Church, refractory priests and the Constitution of 1791 Varennes, the Legislative Assembly and the coming of war The fall of the monarchy and the September Massacres The Convention, the execution of Louis and the Vendée The Terror: government, Robespierre and the factions Thermidor, the Directory and the rise of Bonaparte Napoleon's reforms as Consul and Emperor War, the Continental System and the fall of Napoleon

The Crisis of the American Republic c.1840-1877Depth study

Topic overview North and South: two societies by 1840 The institution of slavery in the South Manifest Destiny, the Mexican War and the Wilmot Proviso The Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law Abolitionism: Garrison, Stowe and John Brown The Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas The Republican party and the Dred Scott decision Lincoln and the Lincoln-Douglas debates Harpers Ferry, the election of 1860 and secession The resources, commanders and strategy of North and South Campaigns, the home fronts and the defeat of the South Lincoln's war presidency and emancipation Johnson, Congress and the Reconstruction amendments Radical Reconstruction, the Klan and Redemption

Germany: Democracy and Dictatorship c.1918-1945Depth study

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Wales: Resistance, Conquest and Rebellion c.1240-1415Breadth study

Topic overview Welsh law and the legal system of the princes Society, the rural economy and the Church before 1282 The princes of Gwynedd and the road to 1282 The Edwardian conquest and settlement Resistance and rebellion 1294 to 1345 The Black Death and economic change in Wales Owain Glyndŵr and the revolt of 1400 Change and continuity in Wales 1240 to 1415

Poverty, Protest and Rebellion in Wales and England c.1485-1603Breadth study

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Reformation and Discovery: Europe c.1492-1610Breadth study

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Royalty, Revolution and Restoration in Wales and England c.1603-1715Breadth study

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France: Ancien Régime to Napoleon c.1715-1815Breadth study

Topic overview The three estates and the structure of French society Absolutism, Versailles and the machinery of the state Taxation, finance and the fiscal crisis The Enlightenment and the challenge to authority From monarchy to republic 1789 to 1792 Terror, the sans-culottes and the Directory Napoleon: power, administration and the Concordat Society, economy and the balance sheet of the period

Parliamentary Reform and Protest in Wales and England c.1780-1885Breadth study

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Social Change and Reform in Wales and England c.1890-1990Breadth study

Topic overview Education from the Welsh Intermediate Act to 1944 The working classes, poverty and the Liberal reforms c.1890-1914 Housing, health and welfare before 1939 The Depression in Wales and the National Government Beveridge, the welfare state and the 1945 government Affluence, poverty and unemployment 1951 to 1979 The Thatcher years 1979 to 1990 Women, the family and social change Consumer society, leisure and popular culture

The American Century c.1890-1990Breadth study

Topic overview Jim Crow and the erosion of Black freedom Civil rights from the New Deal to Truman Brown, Montgomery and non-violent protest King, Washington and the civil rights acts Black Power, the riots and the aftermath Civil rights after 1968 and the new South American imperialism and the road to world power Isolationism, the Second World War and the Cold War Détente, Reagan and the end of the Cold War

Changing Leadership and Society in Germany c.1871-1989Breadth study

Topic overview The Bismarckian state and the imperial constitution Bismarck, the parties and the Kulturkampf Wilhelmine Germany and the appeal of social democracy War, revolution and the Weimar Republic Weimar recovery, society and culture The Nazi political system Nazi economy and society The two Germanies and reunification Change and continuity in Germany 1871 to 1989

Changing Leadership and Society in Russia c.1881-1989Breadth study

Topic overview Alexander III and political reaction Opposition to Tsarism before 1914 The 1905 Revolution and the Duma 1917: from February to October Consolidating the Bolshevik revolution to 1924 Stalin's rise and the nature of Soviet government The planned economy: collectivisation and the Five Year Plans Russia and its people before 1914 Khrushchev, de-Stalinisation and reform Brezhnev, Andropov and stagnation Gorbachev, glasnost and perestroika Change and continuity in Russia 1881 to 1989

Revolution and New Ideas in Europe c.1780-1881

Cavour, Napoleon III and the war of 1859

3 things to know
AS Unit 1

Overview

Case for calling Cavour a realist rather than a nationalist and case that Cavour was indispensable to unification.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What did Cavour achieve at the Congress of Paris in 1856?

Numbers

Name the two great battles of the war of 1859.

Key term

Why did Napoleon III make peace at Villafranca?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
When did Cavour become prime minister of Piedmont, and by what political arrangement?
Model answer
In 1852, after the connubio, an alliance of centre-right and centre-left deputies that gave him a working majority independent of the extremes.
2
How did Cavour modernise Piedmont's economy?
Model answer
By free trade treaties, heavy investment in railways, ports and banking, and reform of the tax system, so that Piedmont became the most advanced state in Italy.
3
Why did Cavour clash with the Church?
Model answer
The Siccardi laws ended clerical courts and privileges and monastic houses were suppressed, which established the lay authority of the state and drew papal condemnation.
4
Why did Cavour send Piedmontese troops to the Crimea in 1855?
Model answer
To earn the gratitude of Britain and France and a seat at the peace table, where Italian grievances against Austria could be aired before the powers.
5
What did Cavour achieve at the Congress of Paris in 1856?
Model answer
No territory, but a hearing for the Italian question in front of the great powers and the beginnings of the personal understanding with Napoleon III.
6
What was agreed at Plombières in 1858?
Model answer
France would help Piedmont expel Austria from Italy if Austria could be made to appear the aggressor, in return for Nice and Savoy, with Italy reorganised as a federation of enlarged states.

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Government, Rebellion and Society in Wales and England c.1485-1603

Government, Revolution and Society in Wales and England c.1603-1715

Politics, Protest and Reform in Wales and England c.1780-1880

Politics, People and Progress: Wales and England c.1880-1980

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1642, at .

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AUniversal male suffrage was kept.

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