What does a Buddhist do in going for refuge?

They declare that they take the Buddha, the Dhamma and the sangha as what they rely on, reciting the formula three times.

Why is the formula recited three times rather than once?

The repetition marks the declaration as deliberate and public rather than a passing thought, and the second and third recitations are announced as such.

What is the Pali term for the three refuges, and what are they also called?

They are the tisarana, and they are also known as the three jewels.

Which language does the refuge formula usually take, and how does the second refuge differ in Sanskrit?

It is normally chanted in Pali, where the second refuge is the Dhamma, while Mahayana traditions using Sanskrit call it the Dharma.

Explain what taking refuge in the Buddha does and does not mean.

It means taking a human being who reached Awakening as the proof and model of what is possible, not appealing to a saviour who can grant liberation.

What is meant by taking refuge in the Dhamma?

It means relying on the teaching and the truth it describes as the guide to practice, and undertaking to test it in one's own experience.

WJEC AS-Level Religious Studies 603-0277-X

Christianity: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsChristianity

Topic overview The birth narratives and the incarnation The resurrection: Bultmann, Wright and the afterlife The Bible as authority in daily life Evaluating the narratives, the resurrection and biblical guidance

Christianity: Key Religious ConceptsChristianity

Topic overview The nature of God: male language and divine suffering The doctrine of the Trinity Theories of the Atonement Evaluating God's nature, the Trinity and the Atonement

Christianity: Religious Life and Moral PrinciplesChristianity

Topic overview Faith, works and justification The community of believers and the role of churches Key moral principles of Christianity Evaluating justification, the Church and moral priorities

Christianity: Practices and Religious IdentityChristianity

Topic overview Diversity in baptism Diversity in the Eucharist Diversity in Christmas and Easter Evaluating baptism, Eucharist and festivals

Islam: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsIslam

Topic overview Muhammad in Makkah: jahiliyya and the Night of Power The Hijrah and Muhammad's leadership in Madinah The Qur'an as a source of wisdom and authority Evaluating Muhammad's leadership and the authority of the Qur'an

Islam: Key Religious ConceptsIslam

Topic overview Tawhid, shirk and the shahadah Nabi, rasul, nadir and risalah Malaikah and akhirah Evaluating the concepts of Allah, prophethood and judgement

Islam: Religious Life and Moral PrinciplesIslam

Topic overview Salah and the forms of Muslim prayer Zakah, sadaqah and the Hajj The five categories of action as a framework for living Evaluating prayer, giving and the categories of action

Islam: Practices and Religious IdentityIslam

Topic overview The role of the masjid Ashura and Shi'a identity Ramadan and Id-ul-Fitr Evaluating the masjid, Ashura and the value of fasting

Judaism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsJudaism

Topic overview Abraham and the covenant of circumcision Moses and the covenant of law at Sinai The Torah as a source of wisdom and authority Debates about covenant and the authority of Torah

Judaism: Key Religious ConceptsJudaism

Topic overview The nature of God and the divine attributes Humanity, the sanctity of life and the Shema The Messiah, judgement and the afterlife Debates about God, the Shema and belief in judgement

Judaism: Religious Life and Moral PrinciplesJudaism

Topic overview Diversity of views about the 613 mitzvot Tefillah, the Amidah and tzedakah The Ten Sayings as a basis for religious and ethical life Debates about mitzvot, prayer and the Ten Sayings

Judaism: Practices and Religious IdentityJudaism

Topic overview The synagogue and its place in Jewish life Pesach, redemption and Jewish identity Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur Debates about the synagogue, festivals and penitence

Buddhism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsBuddhism

Topic overview The birth narratives and the Four Sights The Awakening of the Buddha under the Bodhi Tree The Patimokkha and the Four Parajikas Debating the Buddha's biography, Awakening and the monastic code

Buddhism: Key Religious ConceptsBuddhism

Topic overview The three lakshanas: dukkha, anicca and anatta Pratityasamutpada, karma and rebirth Arhat and bodhisattva Debating the marks of existence, rebirth and the goals of the path

Buddhism: Religious Life and Moral PrinciplesBuddhism

Topic overview The Four Noble Truths The Eightfold Path and the Middle Way The dasa sila and the lay and monastic sanghas Debating the truths, the path and the precepts

Buddhism: Practices and Religious IdentityBuddhism

Topic overview Going for refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and sangha Meditation: samatha, vipassana, metta bhavana and zazen Dana and punya Debating refuge, meditation and giving

Hinduism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsHinduism

Topic overview The origins of Hinduism and vedic sources of authority Krishna and Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita Shruti, smriti and Hindu texts in daily life Evaluating origins, the Gita and the authority of texts

Hinduism: Key Religious ConceptsHinduism

Topic overview Brahman, atman and the nature of the self The Trimurti, cyclic time and Saguna Brahman Karma, samsara and reincarnation Evaluating Brahman, the Trimurti and karma

Hinduism: Religious Life and Moral PrinciplesHinduism

Topic overview Varnashramadharma: the four varnas and four ashramas The status of the Dalits Ahimsa, satyagraha and non-violence Evaluating duty, varna and ahimsa

Hinduism: Practices and Religious IdentityHinduism

Topic overview Puja in the home and the mandir Holi and the shaping of religious identity Durga Puja and the divine mother Evaluating puja, festivals and Durga

Sikhism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsSikhism

Topic overview The life and teachings of Guru Nanak Guru Gobind Singh and the founding of the Khalsa The Guru Granth Sahib as living Guru Debates on the Gurus and the authority of scripture

Sikhism: Key Religious ConceptsSikhism

Topic overview The Sikh understanding of God The nature and journey of the soul Karma, rebirth and mukti Debates on God, the soul and liberation

Sikhism: Religious Life and Moral PrinciplesSikhism

Topic overview Sewa and selfless service Kirat karo, naam japo and vand chhako Sant sipahi and dharam yudh Debates on Sikh moral principles

Sikhism: Practices and Religious IdentitySikhism

Topic overview The gurdwara and the expression of Sikh identity Diwali and Bandi Chhor Divas Vaisakhi and the birth of the Khalsa Debates on the gurdwara and Sikh festivals

Ethical Thought: Divine Command, Virtue and Egoism

Topic overview Divine Command Theory and its challenges Virtue Theory, Aristotle and the Beatitudes Ethical Egoism and Max Stirner Evaluating divine command, virtue and egoism

Aquinas and Natural Law

Topic overview The four levels of law and the precepts Virtues, acts and goods in Natural Law Natural Law applied to abortion and voluntary euthanasia Evaluating Aquinas' Natural Law

Fletcher and Situation Ethics

Topic overview Fletcher's rejection of legalism and antinomianism, and the turn to agape The working principles and the fundamental principles Situation Ethics applied to homosexual and polyamorous relationships Evaluating Situation Ethics

Utilitarianism

Topic overview Bentham's Act Utilitarianism and the hedonic calculus Mill's higher pleasures, the harm principle and rules Utilitarianism applied to animal experimentation and nuclear deterrence Evaluating Utilitarianism

Inductive Arguments for the Existence of God

Topic overview The cosmological argument The teleological argument Hume's challenges and scientific alternatives Debating the inductive arguments

Deductive Arguments for the Existence of God

Topic overview Anselm's ontological argument Descartes and Malcolm Gaunilo and Kant's objections Debating the ontological argument

The Problem of Evil and Suffering

Topic overview The types and the logical problem of evil Augustinian type theodicy Irenaean type theodicy Debating the problem of evil

The Nature of Religious Experience

Topic overview Types of religious experience Mystical experience: James and Otto Challenges to religious experience Debating religious experience

Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity

4 subtopics
12 things to know
AS Unit 1
Buddhism, one religion of six studied in AS Unit 1

What Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity covers

Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity is examined in AS Unit 1, An Introduction to the Study of Religion — the Buddhism option, studied instead of the other five. It covers going for refuge in the Buddha, Dhamma and sangha, meditation: samatha, vipassana, metta bhavana and zazen, dana and punya and Debating refuge, meditation and giving.

Where it is assessed

AS Unit 1

An Introduction to the Study of Religion — one religion of six.

Check the WJEC specification ↗

The 4 subtopics

Each one has its own page. WJEC AS Religious Studies students sit this topic in the first year.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Explain what merit is and what Buddhists do with it.

Key term

Set out what loving-kindness practice cultivates, and what Dogen taught about just sitting.

Key term

Why is the refuge formula recited three times rather than once?

Key term

Give the case that going for refuge remains relevant in the modern world.

Key term

How does a refuge differ from a shelter that only postpones trouble?

Key term

Why is meditation central to Buddhism rather than optional?

Key term

Define dana.

Key term

Give the case that going for refuge has lost its relevance.

Key term

Describe what going for refuge often means for convert Buddhists.

Key term

Name the object most commonly used in samatha practice.

Key term

Why is generosity often taught before the precepts and meditation?

Key term

Argue that the Buddha is the most valuable of the three refuges.

Take Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity further

The same content, four other ways.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does a Buddhist do in going for refuge?
Model answer
They declare that they take the Buddha, the Dhamma and the sangha as what they rely on, reciting the formula three times.
2
Why is the formula recited three times rather than once?
Model answer
The repetition marks the declaration as deliberate and public rather than a passing thought, and the second and third recitations are announced as such.
3
What is the Pali term for the three refuges, and what are they also called?
Model answer
They are the tisarana, and they are also known as the three jewels.
4
Which language does the refuge formula usually take, and how does the second refuge differ in Sanskrit?
Model answer
It is normally chanted in Pali, where the second refuge is the Dhamma, while Mahayana traditions using Sanskrit call it the Dharma.
5
Explain what taking refuge in the Buddha does and does not mean.
Model answer
It means taking a human being who reached Awakening as the proof and model of what is possible, not appealing to a saviour who can grant liberation.
6
What is meant by taking refuge in the Dhamma?
Model answer
It means relying on the teaching and the truth it describes as the guide to practice, and undertaking to test it in one's own experience.

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Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity revision questions

Is Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity examined at AS in WJEC Religious Studies?: Yes. It sits in AS Unit 1, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
What does Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity cover in WJEC AS-Level Religious Studies?: 4 subtopics: going for refuge in the buddha, dhamma and sangha, meditation: samatha, vipassana, metta bhavana and zazen, dana and punya and debating refuge, meditation and giving. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Buddhism: Practices and Religious Identity organised?: By the WJEC 603-0277-X specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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