Key term
CCEA A-Level History 4010
England 1509–58AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Church in England on the eve of the ReformationCriticism of the Church and the early reformersHenry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and the case for annulmentThe struggle for the divorce and the men who shaped itThe Reformation Parliament and the break with RomeOpposition to religious changeThe dissolution of the monasteriesThe Pilgrimage of GraceGovernment under Somerset and NorthumberlandRebellion in 1549: the Western Rising and Kett's rebellionMary I, female monarchy and the succession crisesWyatt's rebellionThe Edwardian religious reforms 1547–53The Marian restoration and the persecutionsEconomic and social problems of the period
England 1603–49AS Unit 1
Topic overviewJames I's Elizabethan inheritanceJames I, the Church of England and the PuritansJames I, the Catholics and the Gunpowder PlotThe financial problems of James IThe foreign policy of James IRoyal favourites and the politics of the courtCharles I, war and Parliament 1625–29The decision to rule without ParliamentFinancing the Personal RuleLaudianism and religious reform in the 1630sThe court culture of Charles IScotland, Ireland and the collapse of the Personal RuleThe Long Parliament and the outbreak of war 1640–42The campaigns and battles of the Civil WarWhy Parliament won the Civil WarThe search for a settlement 1646–49Radicalism, the Levellers and the ArmyThe regicide and the birth of the Commonwealth
Britain in the Age of Reform 1830–80AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe case for and against parliamentary reformThe passing of the Reform Act 1830–32The terms and consequences of the Reform ActThe Whig reforms of the 1830s and the impulse behind themThe New Poor Law of 1834The rise of ChartismThe People's Charter, Lovett and O'ConnorChartist methods and the reasons for failureThe Anti-Corn Law LeaguePeel and the making of the Conservative PartyPeel's ministry 1841–46The repeal of the Corn Laws and the split of 1846Disraeli and Tory DemocracyThe Second Reform Act of 1867Disraeli's ministry 1874–80Gladstone from Peelite to LiberalGladstone's first ministry 1868–74Gladstone and Disraeli as leaders
Italy and Germany 1815–71AS Unit 1
Topic overviewGerman nationalism, liberalism and cultural revival 1815–48Economic change, the Zollverein and Prussian prosperityThe 1848 revolutions in the German statesThe Frankfurt Parliament and the reasons for its failureOlmütz, army reform and the Prussian constitutional crisisBismarck's aims, methods and the debate about his roleSchleswig-Holstein and the Austro-Prussian WarThe North German Confederation and the southern German statesThe Franco-Prussian War and the proclamation of the German EmpireThe international climate and why Germany was unifiedItalian nationalism, culture and the ideas of the RisorgimentoThe 1848–49 revolutions in Italy and their failurePiedmont, Cavour's reforms and the war of 1859Garibaldi, the Thousand and his relations with CavourThe Papal States, Rome and why Italy was unified
Germany 1919–45AS Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Weimar Constitution and the Treaty of VersaillesPolitical threats from left and right 1919–23Reparations, the Ruhr and the hyperinflation of 1923The Weimar economy 1924–29Stresemann's foreign policy and the 'golden years'The Nazi Party from the Munich putsch to 1929The Wall Street Crash and the end of parliamentary governmentThe Nazi electoral breakthrough and Hitler's appointment as ChancellorThe creation of the Nazi dictatorship 1933–34Anti-Semitism and persecution 1933–39Youth, women and the churches 1933–39Schacht, Göring and the Nazi economy 1933–39Culture, the arts and the media in the Third ReichThe war economy: Todt, Speer and total warThe home front: rationing, bombing, labour and moraleOpposition and resistance in wartimeThe Holocaust: ghettos, Barbarossa, Wannsee and genocide
Spain and Europe 1556–98AS Unit 2
Topic overviewSpain in 1556 and the legacy of Charles VPhilip II's kingship and working methodsConciliar government, faction and the Pérez affairThe revolts of the Moriscos and of AragonThe Spanish economy in 1556 and the king's revenuesAgriculture, industry and commerce 1556–98Bullion, debt, inflation and the royal bankruptciesThe Spanish Church, Tridentine reform and the papacyThe Inquisition, Conversos, Jews and ProtestantsThe Spanish Empire and the aims of Philip II's foreign policyFrance, from Cateau-Cambrésis to VervinsThe Mediterranean war with the Turks and the annexation of PortugalThe Netherlands and the Dutch RevoltEngland, the sea dogs and the ArmadaPhilip II's Spain in 1598
The Ascendancy of France in Europe 1660–1714AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe foundations of French power under Louis XIVThe War of Devolution 1667–68The Dutch War 1672–78 and the Treaties of NijmegenThe Reunions and the Truce of RatisbonThe League of Augsburg and the alarm of EuropeThe Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the quarrel with RomeThe Cologne incident and the outbreak of the Nine Years' WarFrench successes in the Nine Years' WarAllied successes and the stalemate of the Nine Years' WarThe Peace of Ryswick 1697The Partition Treaties and the Spanish succession problemLouis XIV's acceptance of the will and the road to warMarlborough and the great battles of the warWhy the Grand Alliance won and France failedUtrecht, Rastatt and Europe after 1714
Ireland 1823–67AS Unit 2
Topic overviewO'Connell and the Catholic AssociationThe Clare election and Catholic EmancipationThe impact of Emancipation and the Tithe WarThe Lichfield House CompactThe Repeal Association and the monster meetingsClontarf and the failure of RepealPeel's Irish reformsYoung Ireland and the split with O'ConnellThe rising of 1848The long-term causes of the FamineThe course and extent of the FaminePeel, Russell and famine relief 1845–49The consequences of the Famine to 1867The origins, leadership and aims of the FeniansThe Fenian Rising of 1867
France 1815–70AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe restoration of the Bourbons and the Charter of 1814Louis XVIII: the White Terror, moderation and the turn to the rightCharles X, the ultras and the ChurchEconomy, society and culture in France 1815–48The July revolution of 1830 and the fall of Charles XLouis Philippe, Guizot and the bourgeois monarchyOpposition to Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe's foreign policyThe banquet campaign and the February revolution of 1848The Second Republic: the National Workshops and the June DaysThe presidency of Louis Napoleon 1848–51The coup of 1851 and the making of the Second EmpireThe authoritarian Empire and its liberalisationEconomic modernisation, Haussmann's Paris and social changeNapoleon III's foreign policy and the collapse of 1870
Russia 1914–41AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe impact of the First World War on RussiaNicholas II, the Tsarina and RasputinThe February Revolution and the abdication of the TsarThe Provisional Government, the Petrograd Soviet and dual authorityLenin, the April Theses and the road to OctoberThe October Revolution and the consolidation of Bolshevik powerThe Civil War and the Bolshevik victory 1918–21Lenin's economic policies 1917–24Society and culture under LeninThe struggle to succeed Lenin 1924–29Collectivisation and the peasantryIndustrialisation and the Five Year PlansThe social impact of Stalin's economic policiesTerror and the purges 1934–39Culture, propaganda and the cult of personality
Italy's Quest for Great Power Status 1871–1943AS Unit 2
Topic overviewThe aims and challenges of Italian foreign policy after 1871Colonisation in Africa: Tunisia, Eritrea, Abyssinia and LibyaThe Triple Alliance and relations with the Great PowersGiolitti and Italy's internal divisionsFrom neutrality to intervention 1914–15Italy's war 1915–18 and its impact at homeThe mutilated victory, the peace settlement and FiumeThe crisis of the Liberal state and the Biennio RossoThe rise of the Fascist movement 1919–22The March on Rome and Mussolini's appointmentThe consolidation of Fascist power 1922–26The aims of Fascist foreign policy and the years 1922–34Abyssinia and the Spanish Civil WarItaly, Germany and the road to war 1935–40Defeat and the fall of Mussolini 1940–43
Crown and Parliament in England 1625–1714A2 Unit 1
Topic overviewThe powers of Crown and Parliament in 1625The breakdown under Charles I 1625–40The Constitutional Revolution 1640–42Civil war, regicide and the republican interludeThe Restoration Settlement 1660–62The Clarendon Code and religion after 1660Charles II, finance and dependence on FranceThe Exclusion Crisis and the emergence of partiesCharles II's personal rule 1681–85James II's assault on Parliament and the corporationsCatholicising policies and the fear of absolutismThe causes of the Glorious RevolutionThe Revolution Settlement of 1689War, the financial revolution and the power of the purseThe Triennial Act, the Act of Settlement and the independence of the judgesParty, the Crown and Parliament under AnneFinance, religion and foreign policy across the periodHow far had a constitutional monarchy been created by 1714?
Ireland Under the Union 1800–1900A2 Unit 1
Topic overviewThe Protestant ascendancy and the supporters of the UnionThe power of the Irish landlordThe decline of the landlords and the land legislation from 1870Industrialisation in Ulster across the centuryUlster and Southern unionism from 1885The Protestant Churches and support for the UnionThe Catholic Church and the growth of nationalismConstitutional nationalism from Grattan to EmancipationO'Connell after 1829: reform, repeal and the limits of moral forceButt, Parnell and the Irish Parliamentary PartyDavitt, the Land League and the New DepartureRevolutionary nationalism 1803–67 comparedCultural nationalism from Davis to the Gaelic RevivalThe British government's response 1800–1900Ireland's social and economic transformation across the century
The Causes and Consequences of Great Power Conflict 1848–1945A2 Unit 1
Topic overviewThe legacy of 1848 and German unification by forceBismarck's alliance system and Germany's relations with its neighboursThe Eastern Question and the decline of the Ottoman EmpireBosnia, the Balkan Wars and Serbian ambitionKaiser William II, Weltpolitik and the naval race with BritainThe armed camps: the Dual Alliance and the Franco-Russian allianceImperial, economic and nationalist rivalry by 1914Austria-Hungary, Serbia and the July crisis of 1914The Paris peace settlement and its consequencesThe League of Nations, American isolationism and the challenge from JapanThe isolation of the USSR and its consequencesThe Depression and the rise of the dictatorsHitler's aggressive foreign policy 1933–39Appeasement and its failureEurope in 1945
The American Presidency 1901–2000A2 Unit 1
Topic overviewTheodore Roosevelt and the revival of the presidencyWoodrow Wilson: reform at home and war abroadLaissez-faire, the boom and the Wall Street CrashThe Hundred Days and the New Deal agenciesOpposition to the New Deal and the court-packing planThe New Deal, the Second World War and American recoveryTruman, containment and the national security stateEisenhower, Kennedy and the imperial presidencyJohnson, civil rights and the Great SocietyVietnam and the limits of presidential powerNixon, détente and the opening to ChinaWatergate and the fall of NixonFord, Carter and the weakened presidencyReagan: recovery, rearmament and Iran-ContraBush, Clinton and the changing power of the presidency
Clash of Ideologies in Europe 1900–2000A2 Unit 1
Topic overviewTsarist foreign policy 1900–17Lenin's foreign policy and the western response 1917–24Soviet foreign policy and the West 1924–33Collective security and the failure of the West 1933–39The Nazi-Soviet Pact and its consequencesThe Grand Alliance and the impact of the war on the USSRYalta, Potsdam and the post-war settlementThe breakdown of the Grand Alliance and Soviet control in Eastern EuropeContainment, the Berlin blockade and NATO 1947–55Khrushchev, peaceful coexistence and control in Eastern Europe 1956–64Brezhnev, Czechoslovakia and the Brezhnev DoctrineDétente, SALT and the western response 1964–79Afghanistan and the second Cold War 1979–85Gorbachev, the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet blocSuccess and failure in Soviet foreign policy 1917–91
England 1558–1603A2 Unit 2
Topic overviewElizabeth I's character, inheritance and the succession questionThe Elizabethan myth: Gloriana and the Virgin QueenThe Court, the Privy Council and the royal favouritesPatronage, faction and Elizabeth I's leading ministersElizabeth I and her ParliamentsThe religious settlement of 1559The Puritan challenge and Elizabeth I's responseThe Catholic threat, the missionary priests and recusancyMary, Queen of Scots in EnglandThe Northern Earls and the Catholic plotsRelations with France, Scotland and the NetherlandsIreland and the Nine Years' WarSpain, the Armada and the war at seaPopulation, prices and the Elizabethan economySocial structure, social mobility and the problem of poverty
Ireland 1685–1714A2 Unit 2
Topic overviewIreland in 1685: land, church and the two communitiesJames II, Tyrconnell and the Catholicisation of IrelandThe remodelling of the army, the judiciary and the corporationsThe land settlement and Protestant fears in IrelandJames II's first year in England: support, opposition and rebellionJames II's pro-Catholic policies in EnglandOpposition in England and the causes of the Glorious RevolutionThe outbreak of war and the Siege of DerryThe Patriot Parliament and the campaign of 1689The Battle of the BoyneFrom the Boyne to Aughrim: Limerick, Cork and AthloneThe Battle of AughrimThe second siege of Limerick and the TreatyThe penal lawsThe Protestant Ascendancy, Molyneux and the Union of 1707
Ireland 1778–1803A2 Unit 2
Topic overviewMolyneux, Swift and the Patriot traditionThe American War and the rise of the VolunteersThe Free Trade campaign and the Constitution of 1782The decline of the Volunteers by 1789Grattan's Parliament and the Castle executiveHenry Grattan and Henry FloodIreland's economy and commerce 1782–1800The Catholic Relief Acts and the Fitzwilliam episodeThe French Revolution and the United IrishmenWolfe Tone and the alliance with FranceThe Defenders, the Orange Order and sectarianism in UlsterGovernment repression in the 1790sThe 1798 RebellionThe making of the Act of UnionEmmet's rebellion of 1803
Partition of Ireland 1900–25A2 Unit 2
Topic overviewIrish politics and the Liberal victory of 1906The elections of 1910 and the parliamentary balanceThe Third Home Rule Bill and Ulster's responseSouthern Unionism and the Conservative allianceThe Home Rule Act and the crisis of September 1914Ireland and the First World War 1914–16The causes of the Easter RisingThe Rising and its aftermathThe rise of Sinn Féin and the election of 1918The Anglo-Irish War 1919–21The Government of Ireland Act 1920 and partitionThe Truce and the Anglo-Irish TreatyThe Treaty debates and the Irish Civil WarThe new state of Northern Ireland 1921–25Craig's government and the Boundary Commission
The Causes and Consequences of Great Power Conflict 1848–1945
The armed camps: the Dual Alliance and the Franco-Russian alliance
- 3 things to know
- A2 Unit 1
Overview
What the Franco-Russian military convention provided, russia's ambitions in the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean and schlieffen Plan.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Numbers
How did defeat by Japan in 1905 affect Russian policy?
Numbers
Why did Germany feel encircled?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Why did France and Russia come together in the 1890s?
Model answer
France needed an ally against Germany and had capital to lend, Russia needed money for railways and industry and had lost German support, so the two isolated powers found each other useful despite the gulf between a republic and an autocracy.
- 2
State what the Franco-Russian military convention provided.
Model answer
The convention agreed in 1892 and ratified in 1894 bound each partner to mobilise if any member of the Triple Alliance mobilised, and to fight Germany with all available forces if Germany attacked either of them.
- 3
Why did the alliance of 1894 matter so much to German planning?
Model answer
Germany now faced the possibility of war on two fronts at once, which dominated its military thinking and pushed its generals towards a plan for a rapid knock-out blow in the west.
- 4
Explain the French desire for revenge after 1871.
Model answer
France had lost Alsace and much of Lorraine and never accepted the loss, so recovery of the provinces remained an unspoken national aim that made friendship with Germany impossible even when no French government intended to attack.
- 5
How strong was French revanchism by 1914?
Model answer
Active demands for a war of revenge had faded after the Boulangist agitation of the 1880s, but the grievance survived in education, politics and the press, and it revived after 1911 in the form of a firmer line towards Germany and the extension of military service to three years.
- 6
What were Russia's ambitions in the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean?
Model answer
Russia sought influence over the Slav states, a friendly government at Constantinople and free passage through the Straits for its grain trade and its navy.
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