Write the shortened structural formula of butane.

Butane is CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃.

Write the shortened structural formula of 2-methylbutane.

2-Methylbutane is CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, where the branch in brackets hangs off the carbon written immediately before it.

In a skeletal formula, what do the ends and the corners of the zig-zag lines stand for?

Every line end and every corner is a carbon atom, and enough hydrogen atoms are assumed to be attached to each of those carbons to bring it up to four bonds.

Why are oxygen, nitrogen and halogen atoms still written out in a skeletal formula when carbon and hydrogen are not?

The number of hydrogen atoms on a carbon can always be worked out from the four-bond rule, so they can be left out, but an atom that is not carbon cannot be inferred from the skeleton and would be lost if it were not written in.

A skeletal formula is drawn as five lines joined in a zig-zag, with nothing written at either end. How many carbon atoms does the molecule contain?

It contains six carbon atoms, because each of the two chain ends and each of the four corners between the lines is a carbon atom.

WJEC AS-Level Chemistry 1410QS

Formulae and Equations

Topic overview Charges on common ions Building formulae for ionic and molecular compounds Assigning oxidation numbers Using oxidation numbers to follow redox changes Balancing equations and using state symbols Ionic and half equations

Basic Ideas About Atoms

Topic overview Radioactive decay and nuclear equations Alpha, beta and gamma radiation Half-life, dating and the uses of radioisotopes: half-life of radioactive decay Half-life, dating and the uses of radioisotopes: adverse consequences for living cells Ionisation energies and electronic structure Orbitals and the filling of sub-shells Atomic spectra and the energy of light: atomic emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom Atomic spectra and the energy of light: relationship between energy and frequency Atomic spectra and the energy of light: significance of the frequency

Chemical Calculations

Topic overview Relative masses and the mass spectrometer: relative atomic Relative masses and the mass spectrometer: how a mass spectrometer works Relative masses and the mass spectrometer: molecular ion The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass: relative mass terms and simple mass spectra The mole, the Avogadro constant and molar mass: moles and percentage composition by mass Empirical and molecular formulae Concentration, solubility and titration calculations: concentration in mol dm-3 and in g dm-3 Concentration, solubility and titration calculations: stoichiometry and the limiting reagent Concentration, solubility and titration calculations: titration calculations and estimating a titre Gas volumes and the ideal gas equation Yield, atom economy and experimental uncertainty: concepts of atom economy and percentage yield Yield, atom economy and experimental uncertainty: how to estimate the percentage error

Bonding

Topic overview Ionic bonds and covalent bonds: ionic bonding in terms of ion formation Ionic bonds and covalent bonds: covalent bonding and forces Electronegativity, polarity and in-between bonds: concepts of electronegativity and bond polarity Electronegativity, polarity and in-between bonds: forces Forces between molecules Hydrogen bonding Shapes of molecules and ions: VSEPR principle and its use Shapes of molecules and ions: bond angles associated with linear

Solid Structures

Topic overview Ionic crystals: sodium chloride and caesium chloride Giant covalent structures: diamond and graphite Simple molecular solids: iodine and ice Metals and the electron sea Using structure to explain physical properties

The Periodic Table

Topic overview How the Periodic Table is organised Oxidation and reduction as electron transfer Trends across periods and down groups Group 2: reactions, trends and the reasons behind them — reactions with oxygen, water and dilute acid Group 2: reactions, trends and the reasons behind them — trends down the group Group 2: reactions, trends and the reasons behind them — thermal stability of the carbonates Group 2: reactions, trends and the reasons behind them — oxides and hydroxides Identifying ions, making salts and gravimetric analysis: identifying cations with sodium hydroxide Identifying ions, making salts and gravimetric analysis: preparing a soluble salt from an acid Group 7: the halogens — physical properties and the trend in volatility Group 7: the halogens — reactions of the halogens with metals Group 7: the halogens — displacement reactions and the trend Group 7: the halogens — halide ions as reducing agents, uses of chlorine and the chlorate equilibrium

Simple Equilibria and Acid-Base Reactions

Topic overview Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium Le Chatelier's principle and shifting the position of equilibrium The equilibrium constant Kc Acids, bases, salts and neutralisation pH, strong acids and weak acids Acid-base titrations and their calculations

Thermochemistry

Topic overview Enthalpy changes and their definitions Calculating enthalpy changes from experimental measurements Determining enthalpy changes in the laboratory Hess's law and energy cycles Average bond enthalpies

Rates of Reaction

Topic overview Collision theory and the conditions that change rate Measuring rate and relating it to concentration Energy profiles and activation energy Temperature and the Boltzmann distribution Catalysts and how they work Following reactions in the laboratory

The Wider Impact of Chemistry

Topic overview Social and economic consequences of chemical manufacture and energy supply Environmental consequences of chemical processes and energy production Green chemistry and sustainable practice

Organic Compounds

Topic overview Drawing and reading organic structures Naming organic compounds Chain length, functional groups and physical properties Structural isomerism Electrophiles, nucleophiles, radicals and bond fission

Hydrocarbons

Topic overview Alkane bonding, combustion and fossil fuels: combustion reaction of alkanes and benefits Alkane bonding, combustion and fossil fuels: combustion calculations and acid rain Radical substitution of alkanes The C=C bond and why alkenes are reactive E–Z isomerism in alkenes Electrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and testing for alkenes: mechanism of electrophilic addition Electrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and testing for alkenes: Markovnikov's rule and the bromine water test Electrophilic addition, Markovnikov's rule and testing for alkenes: testing for a C=C bond Hydrogenation and addition polymers: conditions required Hydrogenation and addition polymers: nature of addition polymerisation

Halogenoalkanes

Topic overview Nucleophilic substitution by hydroxide ions Elimination to form alkenes Reactivity of the carbon–halogen bond and the silver nitrate test Uses of halogenoalkanes, CFCs and the ozone layer: uses of halogenoalkanes and CFCs Uses of halogenoalkanes, CFCs and the ozone layer: radical mechanism Uses of halogenoalkanes, CFCs and the ozone layer: replacements for CFCs Heating under reflux in the laboratory

Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids

Topic overview Two routes to ethanol: hydration and fermentation — hydration of ethene Two routes to ethanol: hydration and fermentation — fermentation Two routes to ethanol: hydration and fermentation — comparing the two routes on rate Classifying alcohols and dehydrating them Oxidising alcohols to aldehydes, ketones and acids Chemical tests for alcohols and carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids, bases and salts Making an ester and separating it by distillation: esterification Making an ester and separating it by distillation: carrying out the preparation Making an ester and separating it by distillation: separating and purifying Making an ester and separating it by distillation: yield

Instrumental Analysis

Topic overview Reading a mass spectrum Infrared spectra and functional groups NMR spectra and atomic environments Putting the three techniques together

Practical Skills and Techniques

Topic overview Measuring mass, volume, time and temperature Standard solutions and titration technique Indicators and acid–base titration curves Heating, refluxing, distilling and purifying: Heating Heating, refluxing, distilling and purifying: purifying Melting temperature, chromatography and pH measurement Electrochemical cells, rate methods and working safely: Electrochemical cells Electrochemical cells, rate methods and working safely: rate methods and working safely

Planning, Analysis and Evaluation

Topic overview Planning an investigation and controlling variables Recording observations and presenting data Graphs, gradients and processing data Errors, uncertainty, accuracy and precision Evaluating a method and suggesting improvements Research and referencing

Core Experiments and Their Chemistry

Topic overview Gravimetric and acid–base analysis Enthalpy and rate experiments: Enthalpy Enthalpy and rate experiments: rate experiments Redox titrations and electrochemical cells Equilibrium constants and following a titration with a pH probe Organic synthesis, separation and identification: Organic synthesis Organic synthesis, separation and identification: identification tests and chromatography

Mathematical Skills in Chemistry

Topic overview Units, standard form and proportion in chemical calculation: volume, equilibrium, rate and energy units Units, standard form and proportion in chemical calculation: standard form Units, standard form and proportion in chemical calculation: proportion Units, standard form and proportion in chemical calculation: checking answers, buffers, rate constants and units Significant figures, means and uncertainty in experimental data: significant figures in multiplication Significant figures, means and uncertainty in experimental data: relative atomic mass as a weighted mean Significant figures, means and uncertainty in experimental data: absolute and percentage uncertainty Symbols, rearranging equations and logarithms: chemical symbols and what each one asserts Symbols, rearranging equations and logarithms: rearranging an equation Symbols, rearranging equations and logarithms: substituting into equations for Kc, enthalpy and pH Symbols, rearranging equations and logarithms: logarithms, the Arrhenius equation and rearranging formulae Graphs: plotting, gradients, intercepts and tangents — reading a spectrum Graphs: plotting, gradients, intercepts and tangents — reaction order from data and plotting good graphs Graphs: plotting, gradients, intercepts and tangents — Arrhenius plots, zero-order graphs and tangents Graphs: plotting, gradients, intercepts and tangents — initial rates from tangents and interpreting graphs Shape, symmetry and three-dimensional structure: Shape Shape, symmetry and three-dimensional structure: symmetry

Organic Compounds

5 subtopics
12 things to know
AS Unit 2

What Organic Compounds covers

Organic Compounds is examined on AS Unit 2 of WJEC Chemistry, Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds. 85 recall questions across 5 subtopics.

Where it is assessed

AS Unit 2

Energy, Rate and Chemistry of Carbon Compounds.

Check the WJEC specification ↗

The 5 subtopics

Each one has its own page. WJEC AS Chemistry students sit this topic in the first year.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

Give the shortened structural formulae of butane and 2-methylbutane, and explain why hydrogen atoms can be left out of a skeletal formula.

Key term

Why is the formula C₂H₆O not enough on its own to identify a compound?

Key term

When a molecule carries both a bromo group and a methyl group, which is written first in the name?

Key term

Pentane boils at 36 °C but its isomer 2,2-dimethylpropane boils at 9.5 °C. Explain the difference.

Key term

Ethanol boils at 78 °C while propane, which has almost the same relative molecular mass, boils at −42 °C. Why the enormous gap?

Key term

Name the three kinds of structural isomerism and give a one-line description of each.

Key term

Define a nucleophile and an electrophile, and say what a double-headed curly arrow shows.

Key term

Why does breaking a bond homolytically usually need ultraviolet light or a high temperature?

Key term

What are structural isomers?

Key term

What does a displayed formula show that a shortened formula does not?

Key term

Why can two structural isomers behave completely differently in chemical reactions?

Key term

What is a radical?

Take Organic Compounds further

The same content, four other ways.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does a displayed formula show that a shortened formula does not?
Model answer
A displayed formula shows every atom and every bond drawn out in full, including all the C–H bonds, while a shortened formula collects the hydrogen atoms next to the carbon they are joined to and leaves the bonds unwritten.
2
Write the shortened structural formula of butane.
Model answer
Butane is CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃.
3
Write the shortened structural formula of 2-methylbutane.
Model answer
2-Methylbutane is CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, where the branch in brackets hangs off the carbon written immediately before it.
4
In a skeletal formula, what do the ends and the corners of the zig-zag lines stand for?
Model answer
Every line end and every corner is a carbon atom, and enough hydrogen atoms are assumed to be attached to each of those carbons to bring it up to four bonds.
5
Why are oxygen, nitrogen and halogen atoms still written out in a skeletal formula when carbon and hydrogen are not?
Model answer
The number of hydrogen atoms on a carbon can always be worked out from the four-bond rule, so they can be left out, but an atom that is not carbon cannot be inferred from the skeleton and would be lost if it were not written in.
6
A skeletal formula is drawn as five lines joined in a zig-zag, with nothing written at either end. How many carbon atoms does the molecule contain?
Model answer
It contains six carbon atoms, because each of the two chain ends and each of the four corners between the lines is a carbon atom.

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Formulae and Equations

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Chemical Calculations

Bonding

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AVO₂⁺ + 2H⁺ + e⁻ → VO²⁺ + H₂O.

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Organic Compounds revision questions

Is Organic Compounds examined at AS in WJEC Chemistry?: Yes. It sits in AS Unit 2, which you take in the first year, so it is on the AS paper as well as counting towards the full A level.
What does Organic Compounds cover in WJEC AS-Level Chemistry?: 5 subtopics: drawing and reading organic structures, naming organic compounds, chain length, functional groups and physical properties, structural isomerism and electrophiles, nucleophiles, radicals and bond fission. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Organic Compounds organised?: By the WJEC 1410QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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