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The Impact of Empire on Britain 1688–c.1730

Ideas of racial hierarchy, and opposition and resistance to slavery

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 3

Overview

Claims of African inferiority, Britain's settled minority communities, baptism and the courts, daily life for Black people in Britain, the Quakers' early protest, and resistance on the slave ships, by the Maroons of Jamaica and on the plantations.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Numbers

Why did Black servants in Britain seek baptism, and what did the courts say?

Numbers

Which settled minority communities were living in Britain by the early eighteenth century?

Key term

How did captives resist on the slave ships?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What claim did defenders of slavery make about Africans?

    Model answer

    That they were naturally inferior and fitted for hard labour, an idea built up to justify a trade that was making Britain rich.

  2. 2

    Which settled minority communities were living in Britain by the early eighteenth century?

    Model answer

    Small Black communities in London and the western ports, Jewish congregations readmitted since the 1650s, and Huguenot refugees who had fled France after 1685.

  3. 3

    Why did Black servants in Britain seek baptism, and what did the courts say?

    Model answer

    Many believed a baptised Christian could not be held as a slave; judges in cases such as Smith v Gould in 1706 held that no man could be owned as property in England, but the law stayed unsettled.

  4. 4

    How did ideas of racial inferiority shape the daily lives of Black people in Britain?

    Model answer

    They were assumed to be servants rather than free workers, were shut out of trades and guilds, were advertised for in newspapers when they ran away, and some were made to wear engraved metal collars.

  5. 5

    Which religious group first spoke out in this period against slavery?

    Model answer

    The Quakers, whose Germantown protest of 1688 was the first written condemnation and whose London Yearly Meeting warned members against the trade in 1727.

  6. 6

    How did captives resist on the slave ships?

    Model answer

    By refusing food, jumping overboard and rising against the crew, which is why ships carried chains, netting and armed guards.

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