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War and British Society c.790 to c.2010

Elizabeth I’s wars with Spain, and English privateers

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 2

Overview

The Treaty of Nonsuch, the Armada and Elizabeth's image, the years after 1588, Parliament and the cost of war, monopolies, privateers and pirates, Drake, Hawkins, Cadiz and what raiding gave and cost England.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Numbers

What did Francis Drake bring home from his voyage round the world in 1577–80?

Key term

What happened to the Armada Philip II sent against England in 1588?

Key term

Why did the war with Spain force Elizabeth to summon Parliament more often?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What did Elizabeth do in 1585 that turned a long quarrel with Spain into open war?

    Model answer

    By the Treaty of Nonsuch she agreed to pay for and send an English army to help the Dutch rebels, and the Earl of Leicester led it to the Netherlands.

  2. 2

    What happened to the Armada Philip II sent against England in 1588?

    Model answer

    Fireships broke its anchorage off Calais, the English worsted it at Gravelines, and storms wrecked much of the fleet on its long escape round Scotland and Ireland.

  3. 3

    How did the events of 1588 change the way Elizabeth was seen?

    Model answer

    Her speech to the troops at Tilbury, the victory medals and the portraits showing her hand on the globe made her a Protestant heroine defended by God.

  4. 4

    Why were the years after 1588 far less glorious than the propaganda suggested?

    Model answer

    The counter-attack on Portugal in 1589 failed badly, the fighting in the Netherlands, France and Ireland dragged on until after her death, and it all had to be paid for.

  5. 5

    Why did the war with Spain force Elizabeth to summon Parliament more often?

    Model answer

    Only Parliament could grant the subsidies the fighting needed, so members had repeated chances to raise grievances before voting the money.

  6. 6

    Besides taxation, how else did Elizabeth pay for the war, and what did it cost her in goodwill?

    Model answer

    She sold Crown lands, took forced loans and handed out trading monopolies as rewards, and the anger at those monopolies produced a furious Commons debate in 1601.

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