What is predestination in Calvinist belief?

The belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned, and nothing can change this.

How did predestination create salvation anxiety according to Weber?

Calvinists could never know if they were among the elect chosen for salvation, creating psychological anxiety about their fate.

Why did Calvinists see worldly success as significant?

Material success was interpreted as a sign of God's favour and possible evidence of being among the elect chosen for salvation.

How did the ascetic lifestyle contribute to capitalism according to Weber?

Calvinists lived frugally and avoided luxury consumption, meaning profits were saved and reinvested rather than spent.

What did Weber argue about religion and social change?

Religion can be a force for social change, as demonstrated by Calvinism's role in the development of modern capitalism in Northern Europe.

AQA A-Level Sociology 7192

Education

Topic overview The role and functions of education Class differences in educational achievement Labelling, subcultures and processes within schools Gender and educational achievement Ethnicity and educational achievement Selection and marketisation Privatisation and vocational education Educational policy, equality and globalisation

Methods in Context

Topic overview Access, gatekeepers and research ethics in schools Choosing methods for research in schools Data, theory and validity in educational research

Theory and Methods

Topic overview Research design and choosing a method Sources of data and types of data Positivism, interpretivism and research ethics Consensus, conflict, structural and social action theories Modernity and post-modernity Is sociology a science?Objectivity, value freedom and social policy

Culture and IdentityOptional topic

Topic overview Conceptions of culture Socialisation and the agencies of socialisation The self, identity and difference Identity, age, disability, ethnicity, gender and class Identity, production, consumption and globalisation

Families and HouseholdsOptional topic

Topic overview Functionalist views of the family Marxist and feminist views of the family The New Right, postmodernism and family policy Marriage, cohabitation and divorce Family diversity and the personal life perspective Conjugal roles and domestic labour Power relationships and domestic violence The social construction of childhood Birth rates and death rates Family size and the ageing population Migration and globalisation

HealthOptional topic

Topic overview The social construction of health and models of illness Class and gender inequalities in health Ethnic and regional inequality, and access to health care Mental illness and the power of the medical profession The sick role and the globalised health industry

Work, Poverty and WelfareOptional topic

Topic overview Poverty: definitions, explanations and distribution The welfare state and welfare provision The division of labour and the control of work Work, worklessness and life chances Globalisation and the global division of labour

Beliefs in SocietyOptional topic

Topic overview Ideology and science as belief systems Functionalist views of religion Marxist and feminist views of religion Religion as a force for social change Churches, sects, denominations and cults New religious movements and New Age movements Religion, gender, ethnicity, age and social class Secularisation Believing without belonging and postmodern religion Globalisation, fundamentalism and religion worldwide

Global DevelopmentOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of development and underdevelopment Globalisation, transnational corporations and aid agencies Aid, trade, industrialisation and urbanisation Environment, conflict and human development Population, gender and postcolonial critiques

The MediaOptional topic

Topic overview The new media and its significance Ownership, control and media globalisation The selection and presentation of the news Media representations of social groups Media effects and models of the audience Reception analysis and selective filtering

Stratification and DifferentiationOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of stratification Life chances and dimensions of inequality Defining and measuring social class Changing structures of inequality and globalisation Social mobility

Crime and Deviance

Beliefs in Society

Religion as a force for social change

2 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

Weber on Calvinism and the spirit of capitalism, liberation theology, and Bruce on when religion promotes change.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Process

What is predestination, and what anxiety did it create for Calvinists?

Who and when

How did Calvinist beliefs lead to capital accumulation?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is predestination in Calvinist belief?
Model answer
The belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned, and nothing can change this.
2
How did predestination create salvation anxiety according to Weber?
Model answer
Calvinists could never know if they were among the elect chosen for salvation, creating psychological anxiety about their fate.
3
Why did Calvinists see worldly success as significant?
Model answer
Material success was interpreted as a sign of God's favour and possible evidence of being among the elect chosen for salvation.
4
How did the ascetic lifestyle contribute to capitalism according to Weber?
Model answer
Calvinists lived frugally and avoided luxury consumption, meaning profits were saved and reinvested rather than spent.
5
How did Calvinist beliefs lead to capital accumulation?
Model answer
The combination of hard work, worldly success as a sign of election, and ascetic avoidance of consumption meant profits were continually reinvested.
6
What did Weber argue about religion and social change?
Model answer
Religion can be a force for social change, as demonstrated by Calvinism's role in the development of modern capitalism in Northern Europe.

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Education

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