What does the term 'development' mean in the context of global sociology?

Development refers to the process of economic growth, industrialisation, and improvements in living standards, health, education, and quality of life within a society.

Define underdevelopment and explain what it is often linked to historically.

Underdevelopment describes a condition where a country has lower levels of industrialisation, income, and living standards compared to developed nations, often linked to historical exploitation.

What is meant by global inequality?

Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, wealth, income, and opportunities between different countries and regions worldwide.

According to modernisation theory, why do traditional societies struggle to develop?

Traditional societies lack values conducive to development, such as rationality, achievement orientation, and entrepreneurship.

What does modernisation theory argue is necessary for developing countries to progress?

Development requires the adoption of Western values and institutions, including democracy, capitalism, and modern education systems.

How does modernisation theory view the path of development for all societies?

All societies progress through similar stages of development, following the same path as Western nations.

AQA A-Level Sociology 7192

Education

Topic overview The role and functions of education Class differences in educational achievement Labelling, subcultures and processes within schools Gender and educational achievement Ethnicity and educational achievement Selection and marketisation Privatisation and vocational education Educational policy, equality and globalisation

Methods in Context

Topic overview Access, gatekeepers and research ethics in schools Choosing methods for research in schools Data, theory and validity in educational research

Theory and Methods

Topic overview Research design and choosing a method Sources of data and types of data Positivism, interpretivism and research ethics Consensus, conflict, structural and social action theories Modernity and post-modernity Is sociology a science?Objectivity, value freedom and social policy

Culture and IdentityOptional topic

Topic overview Conceptions of culture Socialisation and the agencies of socialisation The self, identity and difference Identity, age, disability, ethnicity, gender and class Identity, production, consumption and globalisation

Families and HouseholdsOptional topic

Topic overview Functionalist views of the family Marxist and feminist views of the family The New Right, postmodernism and family policy Marriage, cohabitation and divorce Family diversity and the personal life perspective Conjugal roles and domestic labour Power relationships and domestic violence The social construction of childhood Birth rates and death rates Family size and the ageing population Migration and globalisation

HealthOptional topic

Topic overview The social construction of health and models of illness Class and gender inequalities in health Ethnic and regional inequality, and access to health care Mental illness and the power of the medical profession The sick role and the globalised health industry

Work, Poverty and WelfareOptional topic

Topic overview Poverty: definitions, explanations and distribution The welfare state and welfare provision The division of labour and the control of work Work, worklessness and life chances Globalisation and the global division of labour

Beliefs in SocietyOptional topic

Topic overview Ideology and science as belief systems Functionalist views of religion Marxist and feminist views of religion Religion as a force for social change Churches, sects, denominations and cults New religious movements and New Age movements Religion, gender, ethnicity, age and social class Secularisation Believing without belonging and postmodern religion Globalisation, fundamentalism and religion worldwide

Global DevelopmentOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of development and underdevelopment Globalisation, transnational corporations and aid agencies Aid, trade, industrialisation and urbanisation Environment, conflict and human development Population, gender and postcolonial critiques

The MediaOptional topic

Topic overview The new media and its significance Ownership, control and media globalisation The selection and presentation of the news Media representations of social groups Media effects and models of the audience Reception analysis and selective filtering

Stratification and DifferentiationOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of stratification Life chances and dimensions of inequality Defining and measuring social class Changing structures of inequality and globalisation Social mobility

Crime and Deviance

Global Development

Theories of development and underdevelopment

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

Modernisation theory, dependency theory, world systems theory and the neoliberal approach.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Process

What do development, underdevelopment and global inequality mean?

Process

How does dependency theory explain underdevelopment?

Key term

What do structural adjustment programmes require of developing countries?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does the term 'development' mean in the context of global sociology?
Model answer
Development refers to the process of economic growth, industrialisation, and improvements in living standards, health, education, and quality of life within a society.
2
Define underdevelopment and explain what it is often linked to historically.
Model answer
Underdevelopment describes a condition where a country has lower levels of industrialisation, income, and living standards compared to developed nations, often linked to historical exploitation.
3
What is meant by global inequality?
Model answer
Global inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, wealth, income, and opportunities between different countries and regions worldwide.
4
According to modernisation theory, why do traditional societies struggle to develop?
Model answer
Traditional societies lack values conducive to development, such as rationality, achievement orientation, and entrepreneurship.
5
What does modernisation theory argue is necessary for developing countries to progress?
Model answer
Development requires the adoption of Western values and institutions, including democracy, capitalism, and modern education systems.
6
How does modernisation theory view the path of development for all societies?
Model answer
All societies progress through similar stages of development, following the same path as Western nations.

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Education

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Theory and Methods

Culture and Identity

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