How do health outcomes differ by social class?

Working-class individuals have lower life expectancy, higher rates of chronic illness and reduced access to quality healthcare compared to middle and upper classes.

How does educational attainment vary by social class?

Middle-class children are more likely to achieve higher qualifications and attend university than working-class children.

In which areas does gender stratification manifest systematic inequalities?

Pay, employment, domestic labour and political representation.

How do feminist theories explain gender inequality?

Through the concept of patriarchy, whereby male dominance is embedded in social institutions.

What is the gender pay gap?

The difference in average earnings between men and women, reflecting both direct discrimination and structural factors.

AQA A-Level Sociology 7192

Education

Topic overview The role and functions of education Class differences in educational achievement Labelling, subcultures and processes within schools Gender and educational achievement Ethnicity and educational achievement Selection and marketisation Privatisation and vocational education Educational policy, equality and globalisation

Methods in Context

Topic overview Access, gatekeepers and research ethics in schools Choosing methods for research in schools Data, theory and validity in educational research

Theory and Methods

Topic overview Research design and choosing a method Sources of data and types of data Positivism, interpretivism and research ethics Consensus, conflict, structural and social action theories Modernity and post-modernity Is sociology a science?Objectivity, value freedom and social policy

Culture and IdentityOptional topic

Topic overview Conceptions of culture Socialisation and the agencies of socialisation The self, identity and difference Identity, age, disability, ethnicity, gender and class Identity, production, consumption and globalisation

Families and HouseholdsOptional topic

Topic overview Functionalist views of the family Marxist and feminist views of the family The New Right, postmodernism and family policy Marriage, cohabitation and divorce Family diversity and the personal life perspective Conjugal roles and domestic labour Power relationships and domestic violence The social construction of childhood Birth rates and death rates Family size and the ageing population Migration and globalisation

HealthOptional topic

Topic overview The social construction of health and models of illness Class and gender inequalities in health Ethnic and regional inequality, and access to health care Mental illness and the power of the medical profession The sick role and the globalised health industry

Work, Poverty and WelfareOptional topic

Topic overview Poverty: definitions, explanations and distribution The welfare state and welfare provision The division of labour and the control of work Work, worklessness and life chances Globalisation and the global division of labour

Beliefs in SocietyOptional topic

Topic overview Ideology and science as belief systems Functionalist views of religion Marxist and feminist views of religion Religion as a force for social change Churches, sects, denominations and cults New religious movements and New Age movements Religion, gender, ethnicity, age and social class Secularisation Believing without belonging and postmodern religion Globalisation, fundamentalism and religion worldwide

Global DevelopmentOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of development and underdevelopment Globalisation, transnational corporations and aid agencies Aid, trade, industrialisation and urbanisation Environment, conflict and human development Population, gender and postcolonial critiques

The MediaOptional topic

Topic overview The new media and its significance Ownership, control and media globalisation The selection and presentation of the news Media representations of social groups Media effects and models of the audience Reception analysis and selective filtering

Stratification and DifferentiationOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of stratification Life chances and dimensions of inequality Defining and measuring social class Changing structures of inequality and globalisation Social mobility

Crime and Deviance

Stratification and Differentiation

Life chances and dimensions of inequality

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

How health, education and employment outcomes differ by class, gender, ethnicity, age and disability, and intersectionality.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

What are life chances, and how do they vary by social class?

Evaluation

What is intersectionality, and how does age stratification operate?

Evaluation

How does the social model distinguish impairment from disability, and what disadvantages follow?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What are life chances?
Model answer
The opportunities individuals have to access valued resources such as education, healthcare, housing and employment.
2
How do health outcomes differ by social class?
Model answer
Working-class individuals have lower life expectancy, higher rates of chronic illness and reduced access to quality healthcare compared to middle and upper classes.
3
How does educational attainment vary by social class?
Model answer
Middle-class children are more likely to achieve higher qualifications and attend university than working-class children.
4
In which areas does gender stratification manifest systematic inequalities?
Model answer
Pay, employment, domestic labour and political representation.
5
How do feminist theories explain gender inequality?
Model answer
Through the concept of patriarchy, whereby male dominance is embedded in social institutions.
6
What is the gender pay gap?
Model answer
The difference in average earnings between men and women, reflecting both direct discrimination and structural factors.

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Education

Methods in Context

Theory and Methods

Culture and Identity

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Impairment means a physical or mental limitation.

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