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Health

The social construction of health and models of illness

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  • Paper 2

Overview

The biomedical and social models, and the distinction between impairment and disability.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Evaluation

How does the social model distinguish impairment from disability, and how does the biomedical model define health?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What does the social construction of health mean?

    Model answer

    It means that definitions of health and illness are not purely biological but are shaped by cultural, historical and social factors.

  2. 2

    Why do sociologists argue that illness is socially constructed?

    Model answer

    Because what counts as an illness varies between societies and over time, reflecting social norms and power relations rather than objective medical criteria alone.

  3. 3

    In the social construction of disability, what is the distinction between impairment and disability?

    Model answer

    Impairment refers to physical or mental limitation, while disability refers to the social barriers and discrimination that disable people with impairments.

  4. 4

    What does the social construction of the body refer to?

    Model answer

    It refers to how bodily ideals, norms and practices are shaped by culture, gender expectations, media and social institutions rather than being purely natural.

  5. 5

    How does the biomedical model define health?

    Model answer

    As the absence of disease.

  6. 6

    What does the biomedical model emphasise regarding the causes of illness?

    Model answer

    It focuses on biological causation of disease.

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Impairment means a physical or mental limitation.
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