At what stages of the criminal justice system are Black and minority ethnic groups overrepresented?

Black and minority ethnic groups are overrepresented at all stages of the criminal justice system relative to their proportion in the general population.

How does the likelihood of being stopped and searched by police differ between Black people and white people in Britain?

Black people in Britain are significantly more likely to be stopped and searched by police than white people.

Define institutional racism.

Institutional racism refers to the collective failure of an organisation to provide appropriate services due to processes, attitudes and behaviour that discriminate through unwitting prejudice and stereotyping.

How do left realists explain the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics?

Left realists argue that ethnic minority overrepresentation partly reflects real differences in offending rates caused by marginalisation, relative deprivation and subculture formation.

What is the neo-Marxist explanation for ethnic minority overrepresentation in crime statistics?

Neo-Marxists argue that ethnic minority crime statistics reflect discriminatory policing and labelling rather than actual differences in offending behaviour.

AQA A-Level Sociology 7192

Education

Topic overview The role and functions of education Class differences in educational achievement Labelling, subcultures and processes within schools Gender and educational achievement Ethnicity and educational achievement Selection and marketisation Privatisation and vocational education Educational policy, equality and globalisation

Methods in Context

Topic overview Access, gatekeepers and research ethics in schools Choosing methods for research in schools Data, theory and validity in educational research

Theory and Methods

Topic overview Research design and choosing a method Sources of data and types of data Positivism, interpretivism and research ethics Consensus, conflict, structural and social action theories Modernity and post-modernity Is sociology a science?Objectivity, value freedom and social policy

Culture and IdentityOptional topic

Topic overview Conceptions of culture Socialisation and the agencies of socialisation The self, identity and difference Identity, age, disability, ethnicity, gender and class Identity, production, consumption and globalisation

Families and HouseholdsOptional topic

Topic overview Functionalist views of the family Marxist and feminist views of the family The New Right, postmodernism and family policy Marriage, cohabitation and divorce Family diversity and the personal life perspective Conjugal roles and domestic labour Power relationships and domestic violence The social construction of childhood Birth rates and death rates Family size and the ageing population Migration and globalisation

HealthOptional topic

Topic overview The social construction of health and models of illness Class and gender inequalities in health Ethnic and regional inequality, and access to health care Mental illness and the power of the medical profession The sick role and the globalised health industry

Work, Poverty and WelfareOptional topic

Topic overview Poverty: definitions, explanations and distribution The welfare state and welfare provision The division of labour and the control of work Work, worklessness and life chances Globalisation and the global division of labour

Beliefs in SocietyOptional topic

Topic overview Ideology and science as belief systems Functionalist views of religion Marxist and feminist views of religion Religion as a force for social change Churches, sects, denominations and cults New religious movements and New Age movements Religion, gender, ethnicity, age and social class Secularisation Believing without belonging and postmodern religion Globalisation, fundamentalism and religion worldwide

Global DevelopmentOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of development and underdevelopment Globalisation, transnational corporations and aid agencies Aid, trade, industrialisation and urbanisation Environment, conflict and human development Population, gender and postcolonial critiques

The MediaOptional topic

Topic overview The new media and its significance Ownership, control and media globalisation The selection and presentation of the news Media representations of social groups Media effects and models of the audience Reception analysis and selective filtering

Stratification and DifferentiationOptional topic

Topic overview Theories of stratification Life chances and dimensions of inequality Defining and measuring social class Changing structures of inequality and globalisation Social mobility

Crime and Deviance

Ethnicity, policing and the criminal justice system

2 things to know
Paper 3

Overview

Stop and search, institutional racism, and the left realist and neo-Marxist explanations of over-representation.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

How do left realists explain ethnic minority over-representation in crime statistics?

Key term

What is selective law enforcement?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
At what stages of the criminal justice system are Black and minority ethnic groups overrepresented?
Model answer
Black and minority ethnic groups are overrepresented at all stages of the criminal justice system relative to their proportion in the general population.
2
How does the likelihood of being stopped and searched by police differ between Black people and white people in Britain?
Model answer
Black people in Britain are significantly more likely to be stopped and searched by police than white people.
3
Define institutional racism.
Model answer
Institutional racism refers to the collective failure of an organisation to provide appropriate services due to processes, attitudes and behaviour that discriminate through unwitting prejudice and stereotyping.
4
How do left realists explain the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics?
Model answer
Left realists argue that ethnic minority overrepresentation partly reflects real differences in offending rates caused by marginalisation, relative deprivation and subculture formation.
5
What is the neo-Marxist explanation for ethnic minority overrepresentation in crime statistics?
Model answer
Neo-Marxists argue that ethnic minority crime statistics reflect discriminatory policing and labelling rather than actual differences in offending behaviour.
6
What is selective law enforcement?
Model answer
Selective law enforcement refers to the tendency of police to focus resources on working-class and ethnic minority areas, leading to higher detection rates in these communities.

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Education

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Theory and Methods

Culture and Identity

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