Key term
Eduqas A-Level Psychology A290QS
Biological Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyTherapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryClassic research: the methodology and proceduresClassic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationContemporary debate
Psychodynamic Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Influence of childhood experiences and Unconscious mindAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Tripartite personality and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Dream analysisTherapy derived from the approach: PsychodramaClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the argumentsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the evidence and conclusion
Behaviourist Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Blank slate and Behaviour learnt through conditioningAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Humans and animals learn in similar waysTherapy derived from the approach: Aversion therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Systematic desensitisationClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the argumentsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the evidence and conclusion
Cognitive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Computer analogy, Internal mental processes and SchemasAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Cognitive behavioural therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Rational emotive behaviour therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the argumentsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the evidence and conclusion
Positive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Acknowledgement of free will and Focus on 'the good life'Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: MindfulnessTherapy derived from the approach: Quality of life therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the argumentsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the evidence and conclusion
Comparing the Five Approaches
Core Studies in Social and Developmental Psychology
Topic overviewSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Method and procedure, ResultsSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the studyDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Method and procedure, ResultsDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the study
Planning Psychological Research
Topic overviewDeciding on a research question: Aim of the research and Independent variablesDeciding on a research question: Co-variables, Operationalisation of variables and Extraneous variablesMethodologies: Experiments, Participant observations and Non-participant observationsMethodologies: Content analysis, Structured interviews / questionnaires and Correlational studiesMethodologies: Case studies, Cross-sectional studies and Self-reportsLocation of researchParticipants and sampling: Target populations, Sampling frames and Opportunity samplingParticipants and sampling: Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling and Quota samplingParticipants and sampling: Self-selected samplingExperimental design
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
Topic overviewLevels of measurementGraphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsGraphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedDescriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyDescriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsInferential statistics: Chi Square testInferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical tests
Evaluating and Validating Research
Topic overviewReliabilityValidity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasValidity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityEthics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesEthics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsThe role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewThe role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report
Personal Investigations and Novel Research Scenarios
Topic overviewPersonal investigations: applying — Hypotheses and variables, Methodology and experimental designPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — SamplingPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — Inferential statisticsApplication of research methods to a novel scenario
Addictive BehavioursAddictive
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Addiction genes and Disease of the brainBiological explanations: DopamineIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Field dependenceIndividual differences explanations: Lang's addictive personality traitsSocial psychological explanations: Co-morbidity with mental and Peer pressureSocial psychological explanations: Role of the mediaMethods of modifying the behaviour: Agonist and antagonist substitutionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Aversion therapy
Autistic Spectrum BehavioursAutistic spectrum
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthBiological explanations: Genetic predispositionIndividual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindIndividual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryExtreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesThe refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationMethods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemMethods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionMethods of modifying the behaviour
Bullying BehavioursBullying
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Bullying genes and Evolved gender differencesBiological explanations: HormonesIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Narcissistic personalityIndividual differences explanations: Threatened egotism, narcissism and theory of mindSocial psychological explanations: Cultural differences and In-group / out-groupSocial psychological explanations: Moral disengagementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Creating A Peaceful School Learning EnvironmentMethods of modifying the behaviour: Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgrammeMethods of modifying the behaviour
Criminal BehavioursCriminal
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isCharacteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedBiological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryBiological explanations: Role of the amygdalaIndividual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityIndividual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalitySocial psychological explanations: Differential associationSocial psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryMethods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesBiological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelIndividual differences explanations: Thought disorderIndividual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesSocial psychological explanations: Cultural normsSocial psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesSocial psychological explanations: Expressed emotionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsMethods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy
StressStress
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Adrenaline and Evolutionary adaptationBiological explanations: Stress genesIndividual differences explanations: Type A behaviour and hardinessIndividual differences explanations: Self-efficacySocial psychological explanations: Daily hassles and Life eventsSocial psychological explanations: Locus of control and control at workMethods of modifying the behaviour: Beta blockersMethods of modifying the behaviour: Stress inoculation training
Controversies in Psychology
Topic overviewCultural bias: Cross cultural studies and Difference or biasCultural bias: Ethnocentrism, Historical and social contextEthical costs of conducting research: Benefits to society and the economy, Individual participantsEthical costs of conducting research: Potentially negative consequences for societyThe use of non-human animals: Why animals are used, comparative psychology and ethologyThe use of non-human animals: Therapy, speciesism and the BPS GuidelinesScientific status of psychology: Features of science, Popper and KuhnScientific status of psychology: Methods, benefits and costs of being a scienceSexism: Gender difference or gender biasSexism: Heterosexism, Historical and social context, 'invisibility' of women in psychology
Autistic Spectrum Behaviours
- 11 subtopics
- 33 things to know
- Component 3 Applications
- Autistic Spectrum Behaviours, three of six studied
What Autistic Spectrum Behaviours covers
Autistic Spectrum Behaviours is one of six nominated behaviours on Component 3 of Eduqas Psychology, Psychology: Implications in the Real World, and learners study three of the six. 126 recall questions across 11 subtopics.
Where it is assessed
Component 3 Applications
Psychology: Implications in the Real World, three behaviours studied of six.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 11 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Characteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedRecall questions on What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosed.Open →
- Characteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyRecall questions on How common it is, Effects on the individual and on society.Open →
- Biological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthRecall questions on Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birth.Open →
- Biological explanations: Genetic predispositionRecall questions on Biological explanations: Genetic predisposition.Open →
- Individual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindRecall questions on Gender differences and Theory of mind.Open →
- Individual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryRecall questions on Individual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theory.Open →
- Extreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesRecall questions on Extreme male brain and empathising-systemising theories.Open →
- The refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationRecall questions on The refrigerator mother theory and evaluation.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication System.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development Intervention.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviourRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What has happened to bumetanide as a treatment in humans?
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Describe the Sally-Anne task.
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What can weak central coherence account for that theory of mind cannot?
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Why is no single cognitive theory sufficient?
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Why is RDI's evidence base regarded as weak?
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Which two domains of characteristics define autism spectrum disorder in DSM-5?
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Name the three areas within the social communication domain.
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Roughly how common is autism in the UK population?
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Name three conditions that commonly co-occur with autism.
Who and when
What did Folstein and Rutter (1977) find in the first twin study of autism?
Numbers
What is the recurrence rate in younger siblings of an autistic child?
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Give two reasons autistic girls are diagnosed later or missed altogether.
Numbers
What does the extreme male brain theory claim?
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Give one way the theory may itself contribute to under-diagnosis of autistic girls.
Numbers
Who popularised the theory, and in which book?
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State two lines of evidence that refute the refrigerator mother theory.
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What does PECS stand for, and who developed it?
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How many phases does PECS have, and what does phase I teach?
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What is Relationship Development Intervention, and who developed it?
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Distinguish the static and dynamic intelligence that RDI contrasts.
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How do biological explanations shape what modification can reasonably aim at?
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Name four kinds of restricted and repetitive behaviour recognised in DSM-5.
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What is echolalia?
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Which structures make up the social brain in this account?
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Name two single-gene conditions in which autism is common.
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What is meant by the female autism phenotype?
Who and when
What did Crompton et al. (2020) find that supports the double empathy problem?
Evaluation
Give one methodological criticism of the evidence for the theory.
Who and when
What harm did the theory do?
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What is taught in phase II?
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Name four objectives RDI works towards.
Who and when
What did Howlin et al. (2007) find in their randomised trial of PECS in schools?
Take Autistic Spectrum Behaviours further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Which two domains of characteristics define autism spectrum disorder in DSM-5?
Model answer
Persistent differences in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities.
- 2
Name the three areas within the social communication domain.
Model answer
Social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviours, and developing, maintaining and understanding relationships.
- 3
Name four kinds of restricted and repetitive behaviour recognised in DSM-5.
Model answer
Stereotyped or repetitive movement or speech, insistence on sameness and inflexible routines, highly restricted and fixated interests, and unusual reactivity to sensory input.
- 4
Which characteristic entered the diagnostic criteria explicitly for the first time in DSM-5?
Model answer
Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input, such as acute distress at certain sounds or an apparently reduced response to pain.
- 5
What did DSM-5 change about the earlier autism diagnoses?
Model answer
It merged autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified into the single category of autism spectrum disorder.
- 6
What was Wing and Gould's (1979) triad of impairments?
Model answer
Differences in social interaction, social communication and social imagination, identified in their Camberwell study and used widely until DSM-5 replaced the triad with two domains.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Autistic Spectrum Behaviours revision questions
- What does Autistic Spectrum Behaviours cover in Eduqas A-Level Psychology?
- 11 subtopics: characteristics of the behaviour: what the behaviour is, how it is recognised and diagnosed, characteristics of the behaviour: how common it is, effects on the individual and on society, biological explanations: amygdala dysfunction and chloride ions at birth, biological explanations: genetic predisposition, individual differences explanations: gender differences and theory of mind, individual differences explanations: weak central coherence theory, extreme male brain and empathising-systemising theories, the refrigerator mother theory, and evaluation, methods of modifying the behaviour: picture exchange communication system, methods of modifying the behaviour: relationship development intervention and methods of modifying the behaviour. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Autistic Spectrum Behaviours organised?
- By the Eduqas A290QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Autistic Spectrum Behaviours, on a schedule.
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