Key term
Eduqas A-Level Psychology A290QS
Biological Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyTherapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryClassic research: the methodology and proceduresClassic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationContemporary debate
Psychodynamic Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Influence of childhood experiences and Unconscious mindAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Tripartite personality and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Dream analysisTherapy derived from the approach: PsychodramaClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the argumentsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the evidence and conclusion
Behaviourist Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Blank slate and Behaviour learnt through conditioningAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Humans and animals learn in similar waysTherapy derived from the approach: Aversion therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Systematic desensitisationClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the argumentsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the evidence and conclusion
Cognitive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Computer analogy, Internal mental processes and SchemasAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Cognitive behavioural therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Rational emotive behaviour therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the argumentsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the evidence and conclusion
Positive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Acknowledgement of free will and Focus on 'the good life'Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: MindfulnessTherapy derived from the approach: Quality of life therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the argumentsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the evidence and conclusion
Comparing the Five Approaches
Core Studies in Social and Developmental Psychology
Topic overviewSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Method and procedure, ResultsSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the studyDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Method and procedure, ResultsDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the study
Planning Psychological Research
Topic overviewDeciding on a research question: Aim of the research and Independent variablesDeciding on a research question: Co-variables, Operationalisation of variables and Extraneous variablesMethodologies: Experiments, Participant observations and Non-participant observationsMethodologies: Content analysis, Structured interviews / questionnaires and Correlational studiesMethodologies: Case studies, Cross-sectional studies and Self-reportsLocation of researchParticipants and sampling: Target populations, Sampling frames and Opportunity samplingParticipants and sampling: Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling and Quota samplingParticipants and sampling: Self-selected samplingExperimental design
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
Topic overviewLevels of measurementGraphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsGraphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedDescriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyDescriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsInferential statistics: Chi Square testInferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical tests
Evaluating and Validating Research
Topic overviewReliabilityValidity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasValidity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityEthics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesEthics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsThe role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewThe role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report
Personal Investigations and Novel Research Scenarios
Topic overviewPersonal investigations: applying — Hypotheses and variables, Methodology and experimental designPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — SamplingPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — Inferential statisticsApplication of research methods to a novel scenario
Addictive BehavioursAddictive
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Addiction genes and Disease of the brainBiological explanations: DopamineIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Field dependenceIndividual differences explanations: Lang's addictive personality traitsSocial psychological explanations: Co-morbidity with mental and Peer pressureSocial psychological explanations: Role of the mediaMethods of modifying the behaviour: Agonist and antagonist substitutionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Aversion therapy
Autistic Spectrum BehavioursAutistic spectrum
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthBiological explanations: Genetic predispositionIndividual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindIndividual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryExtreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesThe refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationMethods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemMethods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionMethods of modifying the behaviour
Bullying BehavioursBullying
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Bullying genes and Evolved gender differencesBiological explanations: HormonesIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Narcissistic personalityIndividual differences explanations: Threatened egotism, narcissism and theory of mindSocial psychological explanations: Cultural differences and In-group / out-groupSocial psychological explanations: Moral disengagementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Creating A Peaceful School Learning EnvironmentMethods of modifying the behaviour: Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgrammeMethods of modifying the behaviour
Criminal BehavioursCriminal
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isCharacteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedBiological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryBiological explanations: Role of the amygdalaIndividual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityIndividual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalitySocial psychological explanations: Differential associationSocial psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryMethods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesBiological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelIndividual differences explanations: Thought disorderIndividual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesSocial psychological explanations: Cultural normsSocial psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesSocial psychological explanations: Expressed emotionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsMethods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy
StressStress
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Adrenaline and Evolutionary adaptationBiological explanations: Stress genesIndividual differences explanations: Type A behaviour and hardinessIndividual differences explanations: Self-efficacySocial psychological explanations: Daily hassles and Life eventsSocial psychological explanations: Locus of control and control at workMethods of modifying the behaviour: Beta blockersMethods of modifying the behaviour: Stress inoculation training
Controversies in Psychology
Topic overviewCultural bias: Cross cultural studies and Difference or biasCultural bias: Ethnocentrism, Historical and social contextEthical costs of conducting research: Benefits to society and the economy, Individual participantsEthical costs of conducting research: Potentially negative consequences for societyThe use of non-human animals: Why animals are used, comparative psychology and ethologyThe use of non-human animals: Therapy, speciesism and the BPS GuidelinesScientific status of psychology: Features of science, Popper and KuhnScientific status of psychology: Methods, benefits and costs of being a scienceSexism: Gender difference or gender biasSexism: Heterosexism, Historical and social context, 'invisibility' of women in psychology
Schizophrenia
- 11 subtopics
- 32 things to know
- Component 3 Applications
- Schizophrenia, three of six studied
What Schizophrenia covers
Schizophrenia is one of six nominated behaviours on Component 3 of Eduqas Psychology, Psychology: Implications in the Real World, and learners study three of the six. 130 recall questions across 11 subtopics.
Where it is assessed
Component 3 Applications
Psychology: Implications in the Real World, three behaviours studied of six.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 11 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Characteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedRecall questions on What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosed.Open →
- Characteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyRecall questions on How common it is, Effects on the individual and on society.Open →
- Biological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesRecall questions on Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventricles.Open →
- Biological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelEvidence linking cannabis to psychosis from D'Souza, the Swedish conscript study, Arseneault and Di Forti, family, twin and genome studies, and how the diathesis-stress model combines biological and environmental factors.Open →
- Individual differences explanations: Thought disorderRecall questions on Individual differences explanations: Thought disorder.Open →
- Individual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesRecall questions on Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differences.Open →
- Social psychological explanations: Cultural normsRecall questions on Social psychological explanations: Cultural norms.Open →
- Social psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesRecall questions on Social psychological explanations: Dysfunctional families.Open →
- Social psychological explanations: Expressed emotionRecall questions on Social psychological explanations: Expressed emotion.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugs.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapyRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
How does formal thought disorder differ from a delusion?
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Give one reason to be cautious about family findings in schizophrenia.
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Why is non-adherence to medication such a serious problem?
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What distinguishes positive from negative symptoms?
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Define hallucination.
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Give one way in which ICD and DSM have differed in diagnosing schizophrenia.
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What were Schneider's (1959) first-rank symptoms?
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What evidence from antipsychotic drugs supports the dopamine hypothesis?
Who and when
What did the Swedish conscript study by Andreasson and colleagues (1987) find?
Who and when
What did Arseneault and colleagues (2002) add about age of use?
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What is thought disorder?
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What has replaced the schizophrenogenic mother account?
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What sex difference is reported in rates of diagnosis?
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Why do cultural norms matter to the definition of a symptom?
Who and when
What did Luhrmann and colleagues (2015) find comparing voice-hearers in different countries?
Who and when
What did Lidz and colleagues (1957) describe?
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Define expressed emotion.
Who and when
What did Vaughn and Leff (1976) find?
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What do antipsychotic drugs mainly act on?
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Name two first-generation antipsychotics and state their main action.
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Is cognitive behavioural therapy used instead of medication?
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Define delusion.
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Why is it wrong to describe schizophrenia as having a single course?
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What evidence from stimulant drugs supports the dopamine hypothesis?
Who and when
What did Di Forti and colleagues (2019) report about cannabis potency?
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What is derailment?
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How does age of onset differ between the sexes?
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How can a clinician's own cultural background affect diagnosis?
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Why is expressed emotion a culturally sensitive measure?
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What are extrapyramidal side effects?
Who and when
What did Morrison and colleagues (2014) investigate?
Take Schizophrenia further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Formal thought disorder vs A delusion
Formal thought disorder: a disturbance of the form of thinking. A delusion: it is a disturbance of content, and may be voiced in fluent, organised speech.
Positive symptoms vs Negative symptoms
Positive symptoms: additions to experience such as hallucinations and delusions. Negative symptoms: reductions in normal functioning such as a loss of goal-directed activity and poverty of speech.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How is schizophrenia described in clinical terms?
Model answer
As a severe mental disorder in which thought, perception, emotion and behaviour are disturbed, so that during acute episodes the person may lose contact with shared reality.
- 2
What distinguishes positive from negative symptoms?
Model answer
Positive symptoms are experiences added to normal functioning, such as hallucinations and delusions, whereas negative symptoms are losses of normal functioning, such as reduced motivation and speech.
- 3
Define hallucination.
Model answer
A perception experienced in the absence of any external stimulus; in schizophrenia these are most often auditory, such as hearing voices.
- 4
Define delusion.
Model answer
A firmly held belief that is not shared by others in the person's culture and is maintained despite evidence against it.
- 5
Name three types of delusion recognised clinically.
Model answer
Persecutory delusions, delusions of grandeur, and delusions of control or passivity.
- 6
What is meant by disorganised speech?
Model answer
Speech that is hard to follow because ideas slip from one track to another, answers are only tangentially related to questions, or in severe cases words are strung together with little connection.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Schizophrenia revision questions
- What does Schizophrenia cover in Eduqas A-Level Psychology?
- 11 subtopics: characteristics of the behaviour: what the behaviour is, how it is recognised and diagnosed, characteristics of the behaviour: how common it is, effects on the individual and on society, biological explanations: dopamine hypothesis and enlarged ventricles, biological explanations: cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress model, individual differences explanations: thought disorder, individual differences explanations: schizophrenogenic mother and sex differences, social psychological explanations: cultural norms, social psychological explanations: dysfunctional families, social psychological explanations: expressed emotion, methods of modifying the behaviour: antipsychotic drugs and methods of modifying the behaviour: cognitive behavioral therapy. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Schizophrenia organised?
- By the Eduqas A290QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Schizophrenia, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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